Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine efficacy of a Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) intervention with concerned significant others (CSOs) of substance-abusing individuals or individuals who were hikikomori, a Japanese term denoting prolonged social withdrawal. The results of a meta-analysis based on 8 studies of effectiveness with concerned significant others of substance-abusing individuals and 2 studies of effectiveness with concerned significant others of individuals who were hikikomori indicated that 64.9% of the substance-abusing individuals and 30.8% of the individuals who were hikikomori engaged in treatment. Including individuals who participated in society, 61.5% of the individuals who were hikikomori engaged in treatment or participated in society. Furthermore, concerned significant others showed marked psychological and family functioning improvements within a 6-month treatment window, whether they were concerned significant others of the substance-abusing individuals or of the individuals who were hikikomori. The discussion deals with effectiveness of CRAFT with concerned significant others of substance-abusing individuals and individuals who are hikikomori.
