カイヨワ『遊びと人間』再読

抄録

　In general, Caillois's book is referred to in the field of sport science because the answer to the definition of sport is sought in “play”. Despite these previous studies, in the same essay, Caillois actually holds the view that “sport” can be and is not “play” at the same time. Taken literally, there is an obvious contradiction. However, if this is a conscious view guided by some theoretical imperative, this raises fundamental questions about the reading of the Caillois theory of play. Why did Caillois have to mention sport in his writings? Since examples of “sport” are found throughout the work, these questions can only be answered by turning our attention to the intrinsic logic of the works. In this paper, therefore, we reexamine the discussion of “sport” in his work.
　The first step is to confirm the view in his work that “sports are not play”. Next, we turn our attention to the way “sport” is described. This study aims to grasp the overall theme of the work and uses this as a methodological perspective to overview the significance of sports.
　The main outcome of this study is that it confirmed Caillois's argument that the concepts of sport and play do not have a conceptually inclusive relationship. The work is basically an analysis of society using as methodological concepts the 4 “instincts/principles” of agôn, alea, mimicry, and illinx. These 4 requirements are, in terminology, double-meanings of those of the play categories. The “instincts/principles” were re-positioned as intrinsic requirements that drive not only play, but also various other activities.
　At this time, sport was again classified as “agôn” and considered to belong to “cultural forms on the margins of society”. In the “society of calculation”, sport is regarded as an ideal form of activity that embodied “agôn” as an “instinct/principle”, and is expected to be a norm in society as a whole.
　Thus, it is clear that sport has multilayered significance in the entirety of the work. The present study has focused on the reality of the references to sport in Caillois's theory of play and, as described above, we have been able to sketch an outline of its logic.