抄録
The author conducted two listening-and-speaking classes for advanced level students. The content of the classes was the same but class types were different. One class was real-time online, and the other was face to face. Despite the difference in class setting, no significant difference was seen in student scores on the assignments. This study examined what kinds of resources the students referred to while doing the assignments. Based on a post-class questionnaire, we found that the students in online classes focused more on teacher presentations and explanations, while the students in face-to-face classes gained more information from classmates.
https://ror.org/02j6c0d67 
