日本における障害者の就労支援の現状及び今後の展望

Abstract

In 2008, the International Labor Organization reported on decent work (i.e., work that is fulfilling and humane), which has been promoted by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan. To support the employment of people with disabilities (PWDs), a new system and training program will be launched. We would like to provide an opportunity for mutual study, through dissemination to the world, the status and prospects of employment support for PWDs in Japan, including human resource development. In Japan, a number of employment support measures have been implemented for PWDs, based on the Act on Employment Promotion of PWDs, including the “Employment rate system for PWDs” and “Payment system for employment of PWDs,” “Measures to reduce economic burden,” and “Vocational rehabilitation.” Although the various systems have been successful, and work opportunities for PWDs have been expanding, there are some types of employment that deviate from the philosophy of employment of PWDs, such as proxy companies. In addition, there are also PWDs who are unable to transition from welfare to employment due to “protection.” In addition, the “market-principle” was introduced, which emphasized efficiency without consideration of the PWDs’ wishes, since the Law to Support the Independence of PWDs was launched. Employment Choice Support (ECS) in 2025, based on the Act on Comprehensive Support for PWDs may represent an opportunity to solve these problems. Supporters obtain correct knowledge and improve their skills by “Basic Training” or training for ECS supporters. From FY2025, both welfare and employment supporters are required to complete “basic training,” which enables participants to acquire basic knowledge and skills, including the purpose and philosophy of employment support, pre-employment and post-employment support, support for companies, and cooperation with related organizations. Due to the diversity of supporters in the employment and welfare fields, hierarchical training is provided according to expertise and years of experience. After October 2025, prior to using welfare employment, PWDs are generally required to use ECS, which enables them to make self-selection in cooperation with professional supporters. The method of employment assessment, which is a core ECS skill, assumes knowledge and skills such as basic principles, the employment support process, and cooperation with related organizations. Supporters engaged in ECS are required to complete basic training, followed by an ECS Supporter Training Course. While views on disabilities and support differ worldwide, it is necessary to create a society where all persons can work with authenticity, irrespective of age or region. There is a need to cultivate human resource development that supports such authenticity.

Translated Abstract

2008年に，ディーセントワーク，即ち働きがいのある人間らしい仕事は，国際労働機関により報告され，日本においても厚生労働省により推進されている.この実現に向けて，障害者の就労を支える人材の育成も必要となり，新たな制度と養成研修が開始される.この制度改正の時期に，日本における障害者就労支援施策の現状及び今後の展望を人材育成も含めて世界へ発信し，相互に研鑽する機会としたい. 日本の障害者就労支援施策は，障害者の雇用の促進等に関する法律を中心に「障害者雇用率制度」「障害者雇用納付金制度」「経済的負担の軽減施策」「職業リハビリテーション」がある.各種制度が功を奏し，障害者の働く場は広がり量的進展は見られた.一方で，代行ビジネスをはじめ障害者雇用の理念からはずれた雇用も見られる.また“保護主義”により福祉から雇用へ移行できない障害者も存在する.さらに障害者自立支援法施行以降，“市場原理”が導入され，障害者本人不在の効率性が重視された.これらの問題解決に向け，2025年に創設される就労選択支援事業が期待される.就労選択支援に関わる支援者は，基礎的研修や就労選択支援事業従事者研修を受講し，レベルアップを図る必要がある. 基礎的研修は2025年４月から開始され，雇用と福祉の両分野の就労支援に携わる支援者が受講する.内容は，就労支援の目的・理念，就職前から就職後の支援，対企業支援，関係機関の連携等の基礎的な知識・スキルを習得するものである.また，雇用と福祉で障害者就労支援に関わる支援者の多様性を踏まえ，基礎的研修をベースとして，各専門性と経験年数に応じた階層的研修を実施する. さらに，2025年10月以降，就労系福祉サービスの利用を希望する障害者は原則「就労選択支援」を受ける.これは，障害者本人が一般就業，就労系福祉サービス等の利用について，専門支援者と協働して自己選択できるように支援する.就労選択支援の中核的となる就労アセスメント手法は，基本的理念や就労支援プロセス，関係機関との連携等の知識・スキル等を前提とする.就労選択支援に従事する支援者は，基礎的研修を受講した上で，就労選択支援員養成研修で修得する. 以上は日本の障害者就労支援と人材育成だが，国により取り組み方や障害の捉え方は多様であろう.時代や地域を超えて誰もが自分らしく働ける社会を目指し，それを支える人材の育成が望まれる.

References

• [1]   Hendry  J, edited. Understanding Japanese society 5th ed. Oxfordshire: Routledge; 2019.
• [2]  鈴木聡志，所正文．労働観が幸福感に与える影響．立正大学心理学研究年報．2016:7;85-94. Suzuki S, Tokoro M. [The study on effects that work ethic gives to sense of well-being.] The journal of psychology Rissho University. 2016:7;85-94. (in Japanese)
• [3]  International Labor Organization. Convention C159 - Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983 (No. 159) https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312304 (accessed 2024-11-20)
• [4]  United Nations. Employment, decent work for all and social protection. https://sdgs.un.org/topics/employment-decent-work-all-and-social-protection (accessed 2024-11-20)
• [5]  厚生労働省．ディーセント・ワーク（働きがいのある人間らしい仕事）について. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [Decent work (Hatarakigai no aru ningen rashii shigoto ni tsuite.] https://www.mhlw.go.jp/seisakunitsuite/bunya/hokabunya/kokusai/ilo/decent_work.html (in Japanese) (accessed 2024-11-20)
• [6]  厚生労働省．障害者雇用・福祉施策の連携強化に関する検討会」の報告書を公表します．　Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [Shogaisha koyo fukushi shisaku no renkei kyoka ni kansuru kentokai no hokokusho o kohyo shimasu]　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_19137.html (in Japanese) (accessed 2024-11-20)
• [7]  独立行政法人高齢･障害･求職者雇用支援機構．助成金． Japan Organization for Employment of the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities and Job Seekers. [Joseikin.] https://www.jeed.go.jp/disability/subsidy/index.html (in Japanese)　(accessed 2024-11-20)
• [8]  厚生労働省．事業主のための雇用関係助成金． Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [Jigyonushi no tameno koyo kankei joseikin.] https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/koyou_roudou/koyou/kyufukin/index.html (in Japanese) (accessed 2024-11-20)
• [9]  障害者保健福祉研究情報システム．障害者の職業リハビリテーションの基本原則．[Disability information resources Basic Principles of Vocational Rehabilitation of the Disabled.] https://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/japanese/prdl/jsrd/rehab/r006/r006_002.html (in Japanese) (accessed 2024-11-20)
• [10]  厚生労働省．令和5年度ハローワークを通じた障害者の職業紹介状況などの取りまとめを公表します．　Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [Reiwa 5 nendo hello work o tsujita shogaisha no shokugyo Shokai jokyo nado no torimatome.] https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_40951.html (in Japanese) (accessed 2024-11-20)
• [11]  厚生労働省．令和5年障害者雇用状況の集計結果．　Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [Reiwa 5 nen shogaisha koyo jokyo no shukei kekka.]　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_36946.html (accessed 2024-11-20)
• [12]  厚生労働省．第128回労働政策審議会障害者雇用分科会　資料．　Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. [128th Labor Policy Council’s Subcommittee on Employment of PWDs document.]　https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_32656.html (in Japanese) (accessed 2024-11-20)
• [13]  United Nations. Concluding observations on the initial report of Japan. Article 27. 57,58 https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g22/518/42/pdf/g2251842.pdf (accessed 2024-11-20)
• [14]   Velarde  MR. Indigenous perspectives of disability. Disability Studies Quarterly. 2018;38(4). https://dsq-ds.org/index.php/dsq/article/view/6114/5134 (accessed 2024-11-28)
• [15]   Ilias  K,  Cornish  K,  Kummar  AS,  Park  MSA,  Golden  KJ. Parenting stress and resilience in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Southeast Asia: A systematic review. Frontiers in psychology. 2018:9;280.
• [16]   Chiu  MY,  Yang  X,  Wong  FHT,  Li  JH,  Li  J. Caregiving of children with intellectual disabilities in China: an examination of affiliate stigma and the cultural thesis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2013:57(12): 1117-1129.
• [17]  経済産業省．“ニューロダイバーシティの推進について”． Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. [Neurodiversity no suishin ni tsuite.] https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/economy/jinzai/diversity/neurodiversity/neurodiversity.html (in Japanese) (accessed 2024-11-20)
• [18]  Harter S. Authenticity. In: Snyder CR, Lopez SJ, edited. Handbook of positive psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 382?394.
• [19]   Guignon  C. Authenticity. Philosophy Compass. 2008:3(2);277?290.
• [20]   Marutani  M,  Eguchi  H,  Kawajiri  H,  Yukawa  K,  Matsushige  T,  Takahashi  K. Development of an innovative app and training for transition support staff to better support transition to employment of persons with disabilities. In: The 39th Annual Pacific Rim International Conference on Disability and Diversity; 2023 Feb 27-28; Honolulu, USA.