抄録
Several periods in radiochemistry development history are observed. In the report the sources of radionuclide income into environment are examined including long-lived transuranic elements on the different stages of full nuclear fuel cycle. Radioactive substance contamination analysis is given for different regions of Russia from natural and man-caused sources. Potential danger of long-livad radionuclide and transuranic element presence in the wastes of nuclear fuel cycle plants is shown. Data related with the sequences of nuclear weapon testing on the proving grounds near Semipalatinsk, and Novaya Zemlya are presented. The modern radioecological situation around the reprocessing plant “Mayak”, which was constructed more than 40 years ago for the production of plutonium for military purposes, is overviewed. The following topics are considered: lake Karachay; artificial water reservoirs contaminated by radionuclides; solid radioactive wastes and their vitrification. Some new approaches, methods and tools developed at the Vernadsky Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences for determination of dif-ferent radionuclides in various environmental samples from the impact zone of the facility are discussed. The data on distribution, occurrence forms and migration processes of 90Sr, 137Cs, 237Np, 239Pu, and 241Am in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are presented.
