ソ連の農業政策・食糧政策

経済外強制から経済的刺激へ

抄録

For a long time, the Soviet agricultural system of the 1930s- early 1950s, described as "Stalin's Kolkhozy" in the article, had been regarded as the orthodox system of Socialist agriculture. The purpose of the article is to clarify the features of "Stalin's Kolkhozy" and its transformations in the post-Stalin period. The main feature of "Stalin's Kolkhozy" is the heavy "exploitation" of Kolkhozy. Based on the "Biological harvest", the state estimates the level of the compulsory delivery from Kolkhozy to the state. The state paid pay a fixed procurement price, which was normally very low (much lower even than the production costs). Kolkhozy were also obligated to pay the MTS (Machine Tractor Stations) in kind for work done on Kolkhozy. As the level of mechanization was raising, the proportion of the harvest paid to the MTS increased. Agriculture thus made a decisive contribution to the financing of so-called "forced industrialization" at the expense of Kolkhozniki (Kolkhozy peasants). They were little paid and were able to survive just because of their private plots and animals. After the death of Stalin in 1953, the Soviet agricultural system had been gradually but significantly changed. The procurement prices became cost-cover-prices in the 1960s, then profit-guaranteed prices in the mid-1980s. Above all, the position of agricultural sector in national economy was radically changed. By the 1980s agriculture had begun to consume large part of the state budget.