Abstract
The structure of the computer industry has experienced a change from a vertically integrated type to a multilevel horizontal network. While a mainframe machine manufacturer was producing everything from components to final products, a modern PC producer assembles components, including microprocessors, hardware, operating systems, and application software packages, provided each by many other suppliers. Similar structural changes are in progress in other sectors. The horizontal network needs collaboration and coordination of multiple units. The R&D activities in this structure will involve disclosure of ideas and organization of cooperating partners. The development process will thus imply marketing and contribute to the establishment of "de fact" standards. This type of R&D fits better to smaller ventures or industry-academy cooperation projects than to central research laboratories in large enterprises.
