Abstract
While Japanese economy strangled and its competitiveness went down in the 1990s, Japanese science and technology showed a fairly good performance. In order to make this well-performing science and technology to contribute to the society and economy, Japanese government introduced policy innovation in science and technology. This policy innovation pursues three directions : from bottom-up to top-down, from input-focus to policy-cycle-type, and from science and technology policy to innovation policy. The former two directions are related to the third direction. The policies related to the third direction includes policies to promote collaboration among universities, public research institutes and industry, policies to promote university spin-offs, and policies to change national universities and research institutes into independent agencies.
