Abstract
Open Innovation has the fundamental trade-off problem that it damages the appropriability of business and technology, human resource development (HRD), and accumulating knowledge, while it facilitates firms' short-term success. The trade-off makes firms' R & D management complicate and highly strategic. R & D alliance and outsourcing are the practical ways of Open Innovation and firms' success depends on the quality of alliance/outsourcing strategy. This paper discusses the following suggested by this author's preliminary investigation : 1 the tasks and measures for the unintended spillover of technology and the decline in technical and HRD capabilities 2 alliance/outsourcing among the business groups and supplier-customer firms in order to find a new perspective for the research of R & D alliance/outsourcing in Japanese firms entering a new stage.
