Fetal and lactational exposure of the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) dose of the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin inhibits neurogenesis and induces different behavioral abnormalities at the developmental stages in male mice

Abstract

Recently, it has been reported that neonicotinoid pesticides (NNs) are transferred from mother to child and are assumed to affect the next generation, but the behavioral effects of NN exposure at different developmental stages have not been investigated. We exposed mice to no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) doses of clothianidin (CLO) during the fetal and lactational period, and then evaluated the neurobehavioral effects in juvenile and adult mice. Significant increases in anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity were observed in juveniles and adults, respectively, and neuronal activity and neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus were affected in both stages. These results suggest that fetal and lactational exposure to CLO may inhibit neurogenesis and cause different behavioral abnormalities at different developmental stages.