1857年成立前後の地方試験(於デヴォンシャー)に関する考察

抄録

This paper reconsiders the use of binaries which have long been established in the postwar study of British educational history ; for example, "Church of England vs. Unitarians", "voluntarism vs. the intervention of state power", and "working class people vs. the State." Whereas I recognize the importance of the use of these binaries, this method has overly influenced postwar educational theory, especially the last, represented by the works of Brian Simon. This study investigates the Local Examination, Simon's secret, utilizing historical and legal philosophical approaches as well as paying attention to urban citizens' ownership, community, and militant action. First, the historical features of voluntary education in Devonshire, focusing on local gentry Thomas Dyke Acland, founder of the Local Examination at Devonshire, are analyzed. Second, details of the Local Examination in the year 1857 itself are made clear. Third, the substantial involvement of Rev. Frederick Temple is analyzed. Temple was also a member of the Devonshire gentry who was one of Her Majesty's Inspectors as well as one of those liberal Oxford University professors belonging to Broad Church who led the nineteenth-century university extension. Finally, through a consideration of the historical meaning of the Local Examination and its later extension, some future tasks are proposed. As a result, this study makes clear that there existed a context for reform not only from outside as Simon insisted, but more importantly, also from within the establishment. In particular, it should be emphasized that toleration for the qualification of examination candidates, originating from university reform, to an open competition preceded the conscience clause in the Elementary Education Act of 1870. It also should be noted for further study that education by voluntarism permits "quasi-publicity" (Tatsuo Inoue).