The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the process and circumstances surrounding the regulation of students’ behavior, referred to as controlling out-of-school life, known as “Kōgai-Torishimari” or “Kōgai-Kantoku,” which was undertaken by secondary schools in Miyagi Prefecture during the Taisho era. This occurred as the popularity of movies rapidly increased among the public, with teachers being dispatched to entertainment venues, primarily movie theaters.
The findings of this study can be summarized as follows. Firstly, in Miyagi Prefecture, while the police had traditionally controlled entertainment itself, during the Taisho era, secondary school teachers across the whole prefecture began to regulate individual audiences, specifically the students who frequented entertainment venues. This new form of control can be understood as a more assertive measure compared to previous methods.
Secondly, these regulations were ineffective for three main reasons: they necessitated uniform regulation across different types of schools; there was a lack of consensus across schools regarding the necessity of such regulation; and there was no uniform and specific criteria for approved viewing entertainment.
Thirdly, the rapid rise in popularity of movies as a highly attractive form of entertainment for young people, coupled with the state of the prefectural government may have contributed to this scenario. This indicates that controlling out-of-school life was influenced by and subject to prevailing social and political trends.
While this paper examines only one case, it posits itself as a foundational point in the history of education in Japan concerning the emergence of direct teacher oversight over student behavior outside of school. However, compared to later eras, the control observed in this case can be described as situational and functionally immature.
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