抄録
Biogenic high-basic polyamines ionically bind to acidic molecules to express their various biological functions in eukaryotic algal and protozoan cells. From 1982 to 2023, we have comprehensively analyzed polyamines in the acid extracts from cells of 448 species of original algae belonging to glaucophytes, red algae, and green algae of Archaeplastida, other various algae and protozoa. They have evolved after endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium into a primitive eukaryotic cell belonging to protozoa such as amoebae, flagellates and ciliates, and after by secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis of red alga or green alga into a primitive protozoan distributing into six groups Rhizaria, Alveolata, Stramenopila, Haptista, Cryptista, and Excavata. Their polyamine distributions were reported in our 20 original articles. Validated strains of photosynthetic unicellular(micro-)algae and multicellular(macro)-algae, and non-photosynthetic unicellular protozoa were supplied from microbial culture collections and axenically cultured. Some of them were also collected from rivers, lakes and seacoasts in Japan, and then substantially purified. Thirty-five kinds of linear, branched, acetylated and methylated polyamines in the acid extracts were quantitatively analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPGC-MS) and the concentrations were expressed as μmol/g wet weight of cells. Two to ten polyamine components were distributed in an alga as well as a protozoan. Distributions of the diamines, diaminopropane, putrescine and cadaverine, the triamines, spermidine, norspermidine and homospermidine, the linear tetra-amines, spermine, norspermine and thermospermine, the linear penta-amines, caldopentamine, thermopentamine and homocaldopentamine, the linear hexa-amines, caldohexamine, thermohexaminr and homocaldohexamine, and agmatine as a guanidinoamine were varied chemotaxonomically within algae. Their polyamine distribution patterns were not correlated with their photosynthetic activity in chloroplast-containing algae, chloroplast-damaged algae, chloroplast-devoid algae. Algal polyamine distribution profiles were correlated with their evolutionary phylogenetic positions such as organizations (unicellular/colony-forming/multicellular), cell structure (thallus/branch), structure of nuclei (eukaryon/dinokaryon). Growth environments such as saline concentration (marine/brackish water/freshwater) and temperature (psychrophile/thermophile) were also effective to their polyamine profiles. A primitive polyamine profile, putrescine and spermidine, was ubiquitously observed in chloroplast-absent protozoa within the total nine eukaryotic groups including the two algae-absent groups Opisthokonta and Amoebozoa in the domain Eukaryota.
https://ror.org/01x05rm94 
