Potential Indonesian Plants as Energy Boosters

Abstract

Over-the-counter herbal supplements are gaining popularity yearly as people seek natural remedies for various ailments, including those aimed at increasing energy. Indonesia, known for its rich biodiversity, has numerous plants that could potentially be used as energy-boosting herbs. Consequently, this review evaluates the potential of 25 Indonesian plants as energy-boosting agents, which can lead to the development of natural supplements and products that help enhance energy. These plants are categorized based on horticulture or different types of cultivation, which include olericulture, floriculture, biopharmaceuticals, fruticulture, and plantations. Members of the Zingiberaceae family, the Lamiaceae family, Coffea spp., Camellia sinensis L., Theobroma cacao, Cocos nucifera L., Citrus medica L., Musa paradisiaca L., and Solanum nigrum are already known as energy boosters. Other Indonesian plants that are discussed in this review are not energy boosters but have energy-related functions. These plants possess bioactive compounds that stimulate the central nervous system, reduce chronic inflammation, and improve mental and physical performance. Further research and clinical trials are needed to validate the energy-boosting properties of these plants, assess their safety and potential side effects, and explore their possible interactions with other medications.

1. Introduction

Herbal preparations have been used as dietary supplements for thousands of years, and their use has recently notably increased worldwide. An increasing number of consumers use over-the-counter herbal supplements annually for various purposes, including increasing energy [1]. Indonesia is the world’s second-largest megacenter of biodiversity after Brazil. Indonesia ranks at the top when marine life is considered. Thirty thousand of the approximately forty thousand plant species that once inhabited the planet are found in the Indonesian archipelago. At least 9,600 of the 30,000 plant species found in the Indonesian archipelago have pharmacological effects that can be harnessed as energy boosters [2]. For example, Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is native to Indonesia and exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties [3]. Plants with anti-inflammatory properties can reduce chronic inflammation, which is often associated with fatigue [4].

Plant adaptogens are medicinal plant extracts that strengthen the body’s defense against external stress without requiring more oxygen. Consumption of adaptogens enhances the body’s capacity to adjust to stress and maintain or regulate metabolic function. They also improve mental and physical performance [5]. Some Indonesian plants, such as Centella asiatica, are adaptogenic. Jeevan et al. [6] showed that Centella asiatica exhibited adaptogenic activity in stressed rats.

Indonesian plants are also rich in bioactive compounds such as alkaloids and flavonoids, which enhance energy levels. Alkaloids directly affect the central nervous system and are important in pharmacology. Because alkaloids stimulate the central nervous system, they are used as stimulants and psychotropic drugs [7]. A study by Alharby et al., cited in Bell et al. [8], showed that flavonoid-rich orange juice improves psychomotor performance.

There is an increasing interest in studying plants for their potential to enhance energy levels. As a megacenter of biodiversity, Indonesian plants can potentially serve as energy boosters. However, not all plant parts are used in medicine; remarkable effectiveness is attributed to specific parts such as the roots, stems, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. According to previous studies, each component has unique chemical properties that result in various pharmacological effects. Several active chemical compounds have been identified in specific plant parts [9]. This review discusses the use of different parts of Indonesian plants, their pharmacological activities, and their compounds to assess their potential as energy boosters, which can lead to the development of natural supplements and products that enhance energy.

2. Energy-related function of Indonesian plants

The human nervous system is a complex network of communication systems throughout the body, with the brain as its control center. Neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that transmit information and facilitate communication between neurons, play a central role in neurobiology (Figure 1) [10]. The body uses several neurotransmitters, including histamine, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and endorphins, for various functions. Histamine promotes wakefulness and regulates motivational behavior. Dopamine is essential for many brain functions, including learning, motor control, and executive functions. The release of noradrenaline into the brain affects several processes, including stress, sleep, attention, concentration, and inflammation [11]. Additionally, adrenaline triggers short-term responses to cope with stress [12]. Endorphins calm the brain during stressful situations and induce happiness [13].

When an energy-boosting substance enters the bloodstream, it circulates throughout the body, including the brain. In the brain, these substances exert psychoactive effects by influencing the expression of neurotransmitters. High dopamine levels in the brain generally enhance mood and increase motor activity [10]. Some Indonesian plants, such as Theobroma cacao L., contain amino acids [14] that are known as neuromodulators or precursors of neurotransmitters [15]. Tyrosine, an amino acid found in Theobroma cacao L., may increase the synthesis and release of catecholamines in the brain, particularly norepinephrine and possibly dopamine, thereby potentially reducing the behavioral and physiological effects of stress [16]. Caffeine, an alkaloid found in some plants, stimulates the brain by blocking adenosine receptors, increasing alertness and reducing fatigue perception [17, 18]. It also stimulates the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, which can increase energy [17].

This review covers 25 Indonesian plants with energy-related functions. The classification was based on horticultural or cultivation types: olericulture, floriculture, fruticulture, biopharmaceuticals, and plantations (Figure 2). The medicinal properties of these plants are listed in Table 1.

2.1 Olericulture plants

Olericulture plants are grown primarily for their edible parts, such as leaves, stems, roots, or fruits. These plants are cultivated for their nutritional value and are integral to vegetable gardening and farming. Indonesian vegetable crops that can be used as energy-boosting herbs include Daucus carota and Amaranthus spp. These plants are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds that can be utilized as energy-boosting supplements.

Figure 1: Function of the brain

Figure 2: Function of the brain

Table 1: Indonesia plants that are potentially used as energy-boosting herbs

Scientific Name	Local Name	Family	Part	Medicinal properties	References
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.	Temu-lawak	Zingiberaceae	Rhizomes	anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective	[3]
Curcuma domestica	Kunyit	Zingiberaceae	Rhizomes	anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, tonic, maintain a balanced mood, neuroprotective, antidepressant	[62, 130]
Zingiber officinale	Jahe	Zingiberaceae	Rhizomes	anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, improving blood circulation	[131, 132]
Kaempferia galanga L.	Kencur	Zingiberaceae	Rhizomes	antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, sedative	[70]
Ocimum basilicum L.	Kemangi	Lamiaceae	Leaves	anxiolytic, sedative, antioxidant, neuroprotective, stimulating properties	[52, 133]
Mentha piperita	Peper-min	Lamiaceae	Leaves	anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, central nervous system stimulants	[79]
Orthosiphon aristatus (BI.) Miq.	Kumis Kucing	Lamiaceae	Leaves	antioxidant, memory enhancer, improved cognitive functions, memory, and spatial learning	[54, 83]
Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.	Kayu Putih	Myrtaceae	Leaves	anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, aids neurogenic pain, tonic, physiological and relieving effects, sedative, stimulant	[134, 135, 136, 137]
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.	Pegagan	Apiaceae	Leaves	antioxidant, neuroprotective, memory enhancing effect	[91]
Daucus carota L.	Wortel	Apiaceae	Tubers	antioxidant, nervine tonic	[138]
			Seeds	nervine tonic, improving memory	[24, 138]
Citrus medica L.	Lemon	Rutaceae	Fruits	anti-inflammatory, locomotor activity, improved positive moods, improve brain function, mental healing, and clarity; increase energy; reduce nervousness, anxiety, exhaustion, bloating, and fatigue	[39]
Morinda citrifolia L.	Meng-kudu	Rubiaceae	Fruits	antioxidant, anxiolytic, sedative effects	[92, 93, 95]
Coffea spp.	Kopi	Rubiaceae	Seeds	anxiolytic effects and as a stimulant of locomotor activity	[115]
Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis	Bina-hong	Baselaceae	Leaves	antioxidant, recovery of weak conditions after illness	[97]
Camellia sinensis L.	Teh	Theaceae	Leaves	anti-Alzheimer’s disease, anti-Parkinson’s disease, antistroke	[116]
Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf	Sereh	Panicoideae	Leaves	anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, relieve anxiety, treat insomnia and depression	[100, 139]
Amaranthus spp.	Bayam	Amaranthaceae	Leaves	Antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-depressant, anti-inflammatory	[27, 28, 140]
Piper betle L.	Sirih	Pipera-ceae	Leaves	antioxidant, stimulant, neuroprotective effect, anti-depressant, anti-anxiety, anti-stress	[105, 141, 142]
Solanum nigrum	Ranti	Solanaceae	Fruits	anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidepressant, neuroprotective	[40, 44, 143]
			Leaves	treat nervous disorders	[40]
Musa paradisiaca L.	Pisang	Musaceae	Fruits	antioxidant, antistress, can boost mood, increase energy	[41, 144]
Cocos nucifera L.	Kelapa	Arecaceae	Fruits	anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, increases energy	[120]
Annona muricata	Sirsak	Annonaceae	Leaves	anxiolytic, anti-stress, sedative, smooth muscle relaxant	[42, 145]
Theobroma cacao	Cokelat	Malvaceae	Seeds	antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-stress, increases concentration and creativity	[109, 123]
Myristica fragrans Houtt.	Pala	Myristicaceae	Seeds	tonic, neurostimulant, antioxidant, relieves stress and also promotes mental activity, helps with insomnia, helps induce relaxation, antidepressant, memory enhancing	[127, 146, 147, 148]
Rosa hybrida	Mawar	Rosaceae	Flowers	reduce stress, blood circulation-increasing, anti-inflammatory	[37]

Daucus carota L. seeds improve memory, whereas Amaranthus spp. leaves have antioxidant, neuroprotective, and antidepressant properties. These therapeutic effects influence how the brain interprets sensory information; regulates movement; maintains mental, emotional, and cognitive functions; and preserves normal behavior and social cognition [19].

Several studies have been conducted on the use of antioxidants for neuroprotection. The term “neuroprotection” describes strategies and related mechanisms that can shield the central nervous system (CNS) from nerve cell damage [20]. The brain consumes the most energy, utilizing more than 20% of the body’s oxygen metabolism. It is estimated that neurons consume 75–80% of the energy produced in the brain. Increased energy expenditure in the brain helps offset metabolic changes and enhance vascular neurological function. It also helps maintain cognitive, mental, and emotional activities that can affect physical performance [21].

Daucus carota L.

Because of its high nutritional value, Daucus carota L., or carrot, is an essential vegetable in Indonesia [22]. Tubers are the most commonly used part of carrot plants because of their high carotenoid, vitamin, mineral, and fiber content [23]. Carrots also contain significant amounts of Mg, which is necessary for nerve relaxation and energy production [24]. Essential oils extracted from carrot seeds are believed to possess biological qualities, such as acting as stimulants and general tonics. The main components of commercial carrot seed oil are sabinene, geranyl acetate, and carotol [25]. Vasuvendan et al., as cited in Kataria et al. [24], found that the memory of young and old rats was significantly improved when carrot seed ethanolic extract was administered.

Amaranthus spp.

Amaranthus has traditionally been used as a sedative [26]. Kumar et al. [27] revealed that a methanolic extract of A. spinosus has antidepressant properties, significantly reducing the immobility time. Acetone and methanol/water extracts of Amaranthus yield rutin, nicotiflorin, isoquercitrin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-coumaric acid, the principal components [28]. Foudah et al. [29] showed that rutin exerts antidepressant effects by decreasing oxidative stress and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity.

Future biochemical studies should be performed to validate and further understand the energy-boosting properties of carrots and Amaranthus. These studies elucidated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of carotenoids from carrots and polyphenols from Amaranthus in mitigating exercise-induced oxidative stress. Cell culture and animal models can be used to assess the effects of these compounds on oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines. These investigations will help to establish the efficacy and safety of these vegetables as energy-boosting supplements.

2.2 Floriculture plants

Floricultural plants are grown primarily because of their flowers or ornamental value. Rosa hybrida is an Indonesian floriculture plant with the potential for use as an energy-boosting herb. Table 1 summarizes the results of previous studies on R. hybrida, indicating that these plants can improve blood circulation and reduce stress. Research has evidently linked long-term stress (without sufficient recovery) to various forms of human energy disturbances as evidenced by physical (disease, illness, and exhaustion), emotional (irritability, anger, and aggression), mental (hazy thinking, lack of creativity, and memory issues), and spiritual (burnout, loneliness, loss of purpose, and motivation) symptoms. The energy-depleted brain is further weakened by stress hormones, which are highly inflammatory and toxic. Humans maintain the strength of their systems by minimizing stress. After revitalizing their systems, they can focus on maintaining optimal levels of performance, happiness, and health [30].

Metabolic activity is closely associated with blood flow. Blood flow increases in any tissue area, including the brain, when blood metabolism increases [31]. Increased blood flow improves oxygen and nutrients [32]. The central nervous system requires oxygen to process energy efficiently. Energy production and consumption increase with improved oxygen delivery, leading to a corresponding increase in physical activity [33].

Rosa hybrida

R. hybrida, or rose, is the most well-known and widely used cut flower worldwide, symbolizing love, elegance, inspiration, and aesthetic satisfaction [34]. Aromatic rose water reduces stress and increases blood circulation [35]. A study on epileptiform seizure behavior and assessing the biochemical and morphological parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation in mice revealed that the rose petal extract has neuroprotective effects [36]. The most common components of fresh rose petals include water, vitamins, β-carotene, cyanidin, and essential oils (citronellol, eugenol, gallic acid, and linalool) [37]. Esrefoglu et al. [38] suggested that β-carotene can help mitigate stress-induced damage in the liver, heart, brain, and cerebellum of rats.

The potential energy-boosting properties of roses, particularly rose extract, are an emerging area of interest in traditional and modern medicine. Future studies must validate these properties, including in vitro and in vivo, to explore the influence of rose extracts on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol levels, and overall stress response. Clinical trials should also be conducted on individuals exposed to physical or mental stress to assess the impact of rose extract on stress resilience and energy levels.

2.3 Fruticultural plants

A fruticultural plant is any plant that grows primarily from its edible fruit. These plants are cultivated for their fruit, which can be consumed fresh or processed into various products. Four Indonesian fruit trees were identified as potential energy-boosting herbs: Citrus medica L., Solanum nigrum, Musa paradisiaca L., and Annona muricata. A study on Citrus medica L. indicated that its essential oil can be an energy booster [39]. In addition to its potential to affect locomotor activity, Solanum nigrum leaf extract has been used as a dietary supplement for physical and mental health [40]. The fruit peel of Musa paradisiaca L. improves physical endurance [41]. Although studies regarding the fruit of Annona muricata as an energy booster are lacking, its extract contains the same alkaloids as the leaves, which have antidepressant and relaxing effects [42].

Citrus medica L.

Caffeine is found in the leaves of the lemon (Citrus medica L.) tree. Limonene is the primary component of the essential oil from lemon peel and leaves. Research conducted by Ohio State University demonstrated that subjects exposed to lemon oil consistently experienced improved and positive mood outcomes. Indeed, the inhalation of lemon oil increased the concentration of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter, indicating a genuine physiological and psychological impact on the brain. Lemons also enhance mental clarity, alertness, and overall mental well-being. This energizing fragrance contributes to the revitalizing effect of lemon oil. Lemon oil can also be consumed internally to increase energy consumption [39].

Solanum nigrum

Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is cultivated in African countries, including Indonesia. The ethanol extract of Solanum nigrum fruit significantly prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep time, induced changes in general behavior, reduced exploratory behavior, suppressed aggressive behavior, affected locomotor activity, and decreased spontaneous movement, suggesting antidepressant properties [40]. Miraj et al., in Sudha Rani et al. [43], stated that Solanum nigrum leaf extract or its isolated constituents can be used as a dietary supplement for physical or mental stress or any nervous system disease to eliminate free radicals generated in the brain. The primary active components of Solanum nigrum are glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides [44]. Vincent [45] reported that glycoproteins can boost energy supply without producing lethal ROS.

Musa paradisiaca L.

Energy-providing carbohydrates are primarily found in the starch of banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) [46]. Bananas possess anti-stress properties and can boost energy production. Ittiyavirah and Anurenj [41] showed that acetone extracts from banana peels have significant anti-stress effects and proven effects on chronic stress. Results from the swimming endurance test indicated that acetone extracts from unripe banana peels increased the physical endurance and overall performance of rats. More than 40 phenolic compounds have been identified in banana peels, broadly classified into hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and catecholamines [47]. Kumar et al. in Samad et al. [48] reported that phenolic phytochemicals in bananas reduced neurotoxicity and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

Annona muricata

Annona muricata, commonly known as soursop, is widespread in the pantropics and widely cultivated in tropical regions, including Southeast Asia [49, 50]. The ethanol extract of Anona muricata reduced immobility time and increased swimming time, suggesting an antidepressant effect [51]. Annona muricata leaves also exhibit anti-anxiety and anti-stress effects. The alkaloid fraction was more effective than the crude hydroalcoholic extract. Its bioactivity can be attributed to alkaloid compounds, particularly because two isolated alkaloids (anonaine and asimilobine) have relaxing effects [42].

These plants contain diverse bioactive compounds that can be harnessed as energy-boosting supplements. However, clinical trials are required to evaluate their adaptive properties. By targeting different aspects of energy metabolism, stress adaptation, and cellular health, plants can be used individually or in combination to create comprehensive supplements to enhance energy levels naturally.

2.4 Biopharmaceutical plants

Biopharmaceutical plants are designed to produce drugs from biological sources. Thirteen Indonesian plants with potential energy-boosting properties are classified as biopharmaceuticals. This group is dominated by members of the Zingiberaceae family. The rhizome is the part that is used. The Zingiberaceae family has a rich history of use in traditional medicine, and modern medicine and supplementation industries are exploring these plants for their potential as natural energy sources.

Three plants exist in the Lamiaceae family: Ocimum basilicum, Mentha piperita, and Orthosiphon aristatus. Essential oils from Ocimum basilicum and Mentha piperita can treat mental disorders [52, 53], while ethanol extracts of Orthosiphon aristatus have neuroprotective effects [54]. Other plants in this group are Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L., Centella asiiatica (L.) Urban., Morinda citrifolia L., Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis, Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., and Piper betle L.

Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.

In Indonesia, the rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., also known as Java turmeric, is used as a tonic to increase endurance [55, 56]. Critical phytochemicals from the rhizomes of C. xanthorrhiza are the most abundant sesquiterpenoids (xanthorrhizol, alpha-curcumene, and ar-turmerone) and curcuminoids [3, 56]. Lim et al. in Devaraj et al. [57] reported the anti-inflammatory effects of xanthorrhizol on neurons. Curcuminoids in C. xanthorrhiza exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties [58]. Setiawati et al. [59] found that a drug (C. xanthorrhiza extract) containing 50 mg of curcuminoids per capsule reduced the clinical symptoms of depression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Curcuma domestica

Curcuma domestica, also known as turmeric, is a medicinal plant that is widely grown in Indonesia [60]. The Sundanese in Bogor, Indonesia, use turmeric rhizomes to increase stamina [61]. An ethanol extract of turmeric exhibits neuroprotective effects against neuronal loss caused by dexamethasone treatment in the rat hippocampus [62]. Turmeric contains the essential diarylheptanoids and curcuminoids (curcumin, monodemethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin) [63]. Curcumin has neuroprotective effects [64].

Zingiber officinale

Zingiber officinale, commonly known as ginger, is a jahe commonly found in Indonesia. There are three main varieties of ginger in Indonesia: jahe gajah (Z. officinale var. roscoe), jahe emprit (Z. officinale var. amarum), and jahe merah (Z. officinale var. rubrum) [65]. Clinical studies have shown that ginger increases the expression of nerve growth factors, which are crucial in improving memory function, facilitating long-term healing of the hippocampus, and accelerating neurite growth [66]. In fresh ginger rhizomes, gingerols have been identified as the main active components, whereas shogaols are the predominant pungent components in dried ginger [67]. 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects [68]. The carbohydrate content of ginger rhizomes acts as an energy producer and helps delay fatigue [69].

Kaempferia galanga L.

One of the most significant medicinal plants is aromatic ginger, Kaempferia galanga L. It is endemic to India and widespread in Indonesia. Kaempferia galanga L. has been described as a stimulant in Ayurveda [70]. The fragrance of Kaempferia galanga L. possesses soothing properties that alleviate restlessness, stress, anxiety, and depression [71, 72]. Ali et al. [73] showed that extracts of Kaempferia galanga have a significant sedative effect in Swiss albino mice. This study confirmed the traditional use of this plant to treat stress, anxiety, and depression. The main components of Kaempferia galanga L. essential oil, ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate, have sedative effects, suggesting the importance of the essential oil in massage and aromatherapy to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression [70].

Ocimum basillicum L.

Ocimum basilicum leaves are commonly consumed as vegetables by Indonesians [74]. It has long been used as a folk remedy to treat several health problems, including mental disorders [75]. At the correct dosage, the essential oil has stronger anti-anxiety and sedative effects than the hydroalcoholic extract [52]. Rosmarinic acid is the most abundant phenol in O. basilicum, but other caffeic acid derivatives, such as chicoric acid, are also present at high concentrations [76]. Chicoric acid exhibits excellent anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antioxidant properties. Many biological properties of rosmarinic acid have been described, particularly its antidepressant effects [77].

Mentha piperita

Peppermint (Mentha piperita)  is one of the most widely used herbs worldwide and has a long history of safe medicinal use [78]. Some scientists claim that peppermint stimulates the central nervous system [79]. Aromatherapy using peppermint essential oils reduces fatigue and anxiety [80, 81]. The active ingredients in the essential oils of this plant include menthol, menthone, and menthyl acetate [53]. Peppermint essential oil, with high levels of menthol and menthone, beneficially modulates the performance of demanding cognitive tasks and attenuates the increased mental fatigue associated with extended cognitive testing [82].

Orthosiphon aristatus (BI.) Miq.

Orthosiphon aristatus (BI.) Miq., also known as Java tea, has traditionally been used to treat various diseases as an antioxidant and to improve memory [83]. George et al. in Retinasamy et al. [54] found that ethanolic extracts of O. aristatus reversed age-related deficits in short-term memory and reduced the rate of neurodegeneration. Sinensetin, eupatorin, and rosmarinic acid are the primary secondary metabolites of O. aristatus. Rosmarinic acid, the main flavonoid component, has various pharmacological properties that can potentially prevent neurodegeneration and improve memory and cognitive function [54].

Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.

Melaleuca leucadendra L., a tree native to tropical Australia and Indonesia, can grow up to 40 m in height. M. leucadendra is known for its medicinal, insecticidal, and aromatic properties. This plant is a source of essential oils that are widely used in health and medicine [84]. The ethanolic extract of M. leucadendra may have anxiolytic activity, leading to reduced immobility time, indicating its antidepressant activity [85]. The bark and leaves are used as sedatives in folk medicine [86]. The main component of M. leucadendra essential oil is 1,8-cineole, or eucalyptol [86]. Eucalyptol is neuroprotective and exerts significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [87].

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.

In Indonesia, Centella asiatica is used to purify blood and improve memory [88]. It is considered a tonic that accelerates nerve activity and improves youth longevity and memory [89]. C. asiatica contains several bioactive compounds, including stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, asiatic acid, madecassidic acid, madecasside, and asiaticoside [90]. Madhyastha et al. in Seevaratnam et al. [91] reported that C. asiatica has neuroprotective effects on cognition and hippocampal neurons, increasing learning and memory. C. asiatica is an ideal balancing tonic that increases concentration, calms, and relaxes the overactive nervous system [89].

Morinda citrifolia L.

The fruit of Morinda citrifolia L., known as noni in Hawaii, is native to Southeast Asia and Australia [92]. Noni juice has many uses, including treating physiological depression [93]. Noni fruit extract significantly increases brain serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline levels in rats [94]. Deng et al. in Abou Assi [95] reported that a freeze-dried methanolic extract of noni fruit has anxiolytic and sedative effects. Noni fruits contain several active compounds, including rutin and scopoletin, which possess antidepressant properties [94]. Pachauri et al. in Abou Assi et al. [95] also reported that scopoletin and rutin from noni fruit might help improve memory.

Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis

In Java, Indonesia, Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis is an important plant that can cure many diseases and promote health [96]. In traditional medicine, tubers and leaves are used as sedatives [97]. These plants are rich in flavonoid compounds in the leaves, stems, tubers, and flowers. Tubers contain a protein (ancordin) that can stimulate the formation of nitrite oxide to improve blood flow, which carries nutrients to all tissue cells and stimulates the body to produce growth hormones and reproductive cells to replace damaged cells [96]. Sumiyoshi et al. [98] suggested that the Anredera cordifolia extract has a strong memory-promoting effect in a senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) model of human Alzheimer’s disease.

Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf

According to Nogueira in Federal and Postal [99], Cymbopogon citratus, known worldwide as lemongrass, treats psychoneurological disorders. Lemongrass leaf extracts have sedative, anxiolytic, and hypnotic effects on the central nervous system [100]. Lemongrass essential oil exhibits stimulatory, tonic, and aromatic effects [101]. Sriraksa et al. [102] revealed that the inhalation of lemongrass essential oil may improve cognitive function and regulate mood in healthy women without affecting their physiological status. Lemongrass essential oil is rich in citral and myrcene [104]. Citral and myrcene strongly affect the central nervous system [100].

Piper betle L.

Piper betle L., which is believed to have originated in South and Southeast Asia, is popularly known as the betel tree. Plant leaves are known to have mild stimulatory effects [104]. The Yunani system claims that leaves have an intense flavor and a pleasant aromatic tone in the brain. The hydroalcoholic extract of betel leaves increases locomotor activity [105]. Saka et al. [106] reported that an aqueous extract of betel significantly improved memory. The aqueous extracts contain flavonoids and terpenoids, which reverse scopolamine-induced amnesia [106]. Krishna et al. [107] concluded that aqueous betel extract has a significant antidepressant effect. This activity may be due to phenolic compounds such as chavibetol, chavicol, and eugenol. Chavicol has antidepressant properties as it increases the levels of monoamines, such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine [107].

Owing to its wide range of beneficial properties, the Zingiberaceae family offers good prospects for inclusion in energy-boosting supplements. Although these plants have been used traditionally, long-term studies are needed to assess the safety and potential side effects of regular high-dose supplementation. Studies across different populations are also important to understand who might benefit the most from these supplements.

Bioactive compounds from biopharmaceutical plants, such as polyphenols and flavonoids, promote energy production in various physiological systems. Essential oils are active compounds that play significant roles in the energy-related functions of biopharmaceutical plants. These oils contain concentrated bioactive compounds that may stimulate mental and physical vitality, making them promising candidates for energy-boosting supplements.

2.5 Plantations

Plantations are large-scale farms or estates where crops are grown and developed for agricultural or forestry use. In Indonesia, several plants are classified as plantations, including Coffea spp., Camellia sinensis L., Cocos nucifera L., Theobroma cacao, and Myristica fragrans Houtt. Each plant has been reported to increase energy [108, 109] or act as a stimulant [110, 111, 112]. They are often used as energy supplements, except for Myristica fragrans Houtt., which is commonly known for its psychoactive effects and potential toxicity at high doses. However, Myristica fragrans Houtt. can potentially be used as an energy-boosting supplement, provided that the dosage is carefully controlled to avoid adverse effects.

Coffea spp.

Coffea spp., commonly known as the coffee plant, is a tropical plant used globally in nonalcoholic beverages [113]. Coffee beans are rich in antioxidants, particularly chlorogenic acid, which are believed to contribute to sleep disorders [114]. The stimulating properties of coffee are largely attributed to caffeine, an alkaloid derived from purines found in the seeds [110]. Coffee is recommended for enhancing memory, concentration, and physical performance [115].

Camellia sinensis L.

Camellia sinensis L., also known as tea, contains approximately 4,000 bioactive compounds, one-third of which are polyphenols. Flavonoids are the primary polyphenols found in tea [116]. Traditionally, tea has been used as a stimulant to regulate body temperature, blood sugar, and digestion and to improve mental processes. Tea also contains alkaloids, such as caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline, which contribute to its stimulating effects [111]. Caffeine significantly affects energy levels, stimulates the autonomic nervous system, increases alertness, and improves mood [117].

Cocos nucifera L.

Cocos nucifera L., also known as the coconut, is native to Southeast Asia. Its secondary metabolite compounds, especially from the endocarp and coconut water, exhibit significant antioxidant activity [118]. Coconuts are a valuable nutritional source that can enhance energy, endurance, and athletic performance [108]. Trans-zeatin riboside, the most abundant cytokinin in coconut water, can potentially treat nervous system diseases [119]. This nutrient-rich drink increases energy levels and boosts metabolism [120].

Theobroma cacao

Theobroma cacao, which originated in Latin America but is now cultivated globally, contains theobromine, which increases motivation, alertness, and energy [109, 121, 122]. Cacao supports blood vessel elasticity and promotes circulation in the brain. It positively affects mood, concentration, and creativity; reduces stress; and enhances overall mental well-being [123].

Myristica fragrans Houtt.

Myristica fragrans Houtt., also known as nutmeg, is a tropical evergreen tree native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. Nutmeg is known for its pleasant flavor and aroma and has various applications in the treatment of psychological disorders [124, 125, 126]. It is sometimes used as a stimulant and may enhance concentration by improving blood flow to the brain. Nutmeg also helps alleviate insomnia by increasing serotonin levels, which promotes relaxation [112, 127]. The main components of nutmeg extract include myristic acid, elemicin, and myristicin [128]. Myristicin has psychoactive and therapeutic properties [129].

3. Conclusions

Indonesia, a biodiversity hotspot, hosts many plants with potentially energy-boosting properties. These plants contain various bioactive compounds—such as alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, anonaine, and asimilobine), polyphenols (rutin, rosmarinic acid, and chlorogenic acid), and essential oils (menthol, menthone, and eucalyptol)—that can stimulate the central nervous system, reduce chronic inflammation, and enhance mental and physical performance. The exploration of these compound classes, which often share energy-related functions, can help identify alternative compounds for use in energy-boosting supplements.

Among the Indonesian plants known for their energy-boosting effects, those from the Zingiberaceae family, primarily their rhizomes, are prominent. Essential oils from the Lamiaceae family also significantly contribute to energy enhancement. Four of the five plants categorized under plantations—Coffea spp., Camellia sinensis L., Theobroma cacao, and Cocos nucifera L.— are utilized as energy supplements. In addition, essential oils from Citrus medica L. and fruit peels from Musa paradisiaca L. have been attributed to increased physical endurance. Solanum nigrum contains fruit and leaf extracts that serve as physical and mental health supplements. Other Indonesian plants with medicinal properties relevant to energy boosting include those with antioxidant, neuroprotective, antidepressant, and anti-stress effects, as well as those that enhance blood circulation.

This review highlighted the potential of Indonesian plants as natural energy sources. This underscores the need for further research and clinical trials to validate the energy-boosting properties of these plants, assess their safety and potential side effects, and investigate their possible interactions with other medications. Future research can reveal their full potential, resulting in the development of effective and sustainable energy-boosting supplements.

Acknowledgement

This review article is part of a collaboration between IPB University and Delightex Pte. Ltd. In addition to the funding, we would also like to thank Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology for their support throughout the project through Masters Education to Doctorate for Excellence Undergraduate (Pendidikan Magister menuju Doktor untuk Sarjana Unggul – PMDSU) scholarship program.

Funding

This review article was funded by the Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, in accordance with the 2024 Research Program Implementation Contract Number 027/E5/PG.02.00. PL/2024, dated 11 June 2024.

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