River water temperature serves as a critical indicator of numerous biological and chemical processes essential for ecosystem support and water quality maintenance. River temperatures are expected to rise due to the increasing impact of climate change, causing potential adverse consequences. Hence, a thorough understanding of the drivers influencing river temperature is imperative. Physically or process-based models are suitable for enriching our understanding of the mechanisms regulating river temperature. In this study, we collected articles on river water temperature and modeling and classified them according to their modeling type and energy components. We reviewed the physically based models to determine the relative proportions of various energy fluxes that affect the temperature of river water. The results indicated that despite its importance, groundwater flux has not been given as much consideration as the other fluxes, particularly for small rivers. We also reviewed the semi-distributed Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, which has been applied to the computation of stream temperature and found that some modifications made to the model primarily used the equilibrium temperature approach, whereas only a few studies considered the groundwater flux. Our findings highlight the need for further improvements in modeling techniques, with special emphasis on improving the representation of subsurface fluxes, particularly groundwater, for the better management of ecosystem preservation and water quality.

The yolk sac is generally regarded as a vital and complex organ during embryonic development, the role and relative importance of which vary across different species. In avian species, particularly poultry, this sac plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, metabolic regulation, and immune defenses. Advances in genetic selection and improvements in management practices have resulted in changes in yolk utilization; therefore, a more detailed understanding of the basic mechanisms of yolk utilization and factors that may limit or improve the embryo’s utilization of yolk sac nutrients is needed. Adequate insights into the role of the yolk sac and the optimization of its functional conditions may be very useful for improving the health, growth, and productivity of poultry, making poultry farming more effective and sustainable. Stressors that may limit yolk sac nutrient utilization, such as temperature, humidity, oxidation, prolonged storage, microorganisms, and chemicals, and, thus, negatively affect the growth and development of avian embryos were briefly reviewed herein.

Oomycete plant pathogens often cause severe diseases in forest trees and agricultural crops, posing threats to natural ecosystems and reducing crop yields. The use of biocontrol agents (BCAs) in agrosystems has proven to be an excellent and eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides for protecting plants from oomycete pathogens. However, the range of commercially available biopesticides that growers need is still limited, and in many cases, their practical application cannot yet compete with conventional chemicals. To accelerate the development of effective biocontrol products, it is crucial to efficiently identify BCAs that exhibit robust and consistent biocontrol efficacy against oomycete diseases. In this paper, we conduct a thoughtful review of prior biocontrol studies, report the characteristics of BCAs commonly linked with their suppressive effect against oomycete diseases, discuss their mode of action concerning pathogen ecology, and offer recommendations for the development of high-throughput screening procedures.

Entomophagy, the practice of eating insects, has received significant attention in recent years. Edible bamboo insects, including the bamboo worm (Omphisa fuscidentalis) and bamboo weevil (Cyrtotrachelus spp.), are unique resources that are widespread in Yunnan, China and mainland Southeast Asia. These insects are commonly harvested by certain ethnic groups from bamboo forests on the basis of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), and their preparation methods vary across cultures. While bamboo worms are certainly a minor resource, they are part of the diverse uses of bamboo in the region. Understanding the dynamics of bamboo use may provide valuable insights into the distinctive culture that the region has to offer. However, information from research on these insects is still limited. This paper discusses and summarizes current research on edible bamboo insects, including their distribution, ecology, the local communities harvesting bamboo insects, harvesting processes, cooking methods, market sales, nutrient composition, medicinal value, and their role in local livelihoods. Bamboo insects enrich local dishes and represent an important aspect of the region’s food culture. They provide valuable sources of protein, minerals, and healthy fats and are also used in traditional medicine. Furthermore, the collection of bamboo insects provides a source of income for local residents. In addition, this study provides a slight discussion on why minor resource use, the use of bamboo insects, remains and points to the need for a multifaceted value assessment. This paper seeks to integrate current research findings on bamboo insects from multiple perspectives to enhance our understanding of bamboo insect food culture in Yunnan and Southeast Asia, which will provide a foundation for future studies for the conservation of minor resources and local culture.

The soil neutralization process is usually accompanied by various kinds of changes including soil physicochemical properties and microbial diversity and composition. This is especially significant for tea plants, which thrive in acidic soils. The neutralization process, which involves reducing soil acidity through organic management, has been continuously occurring in tea plantations to mitigate the negative effects of soil acidification. However, there is limited information on how soil neutralization affects microbial communities, particularly in terms of nutrient cycling, decomposition of organic matter, and plant growth promotion. Therefore, we summarized the current study focusing on soil neutralization in tea plantations. Firstly, we identified some effective and sustainable management for soil neutralization that balance pH modification with enhancing soil health and investigated the dynamic changes in soil microbial communities in tea plantations. Besides, we highlighted the role of beneficial microbes linked to specific attributes of tea quality. Our study provides insights, from improving soil health and microbial communities to enhancing tea quality during soil neutralization, ultimately supporting the production of high-quality tea in sustainable management.

Agriculture’s productivity is a key factor in economic growth. One of the reasons that disease detection in plants is crucial in the world of agriculture is that diseases in plants are a fairly common occurrence. If sufficient care is not taken in this region, plants suffer major consequences, which have an impact on the quality, quantity, or productivity of the corresponding products. For instance, both living and non-living organisms can cause various diseases in stone fruits and other crops. Early disease patterns and clusters can be identified using computer vision technologies. This work focuses on deep learning-based crop image segmentation research. Firstly, the fundamental concepts and features of deep learning-based crop leaf image segmentation are presented. The future development path is enlarged by outlining the state of the research and providing a summary of crop image segmentation techniques together with an analysis of their own drawbacks. Crop image segmentation based on deep learning has still faced challenges in research, despite recent remarkable advances in crop segmentation. For instance, there are few crop images in the datasets, the resolution is modest, and the segmentation accuracy is not great. The real-field criteria cannot be satisfied by the imprecise segmentation findings. With an eye towards the aforementioned issues, a thorough examination of the state-of-the-art deep learning-based crop image segmentation techniques is offered to assist researchers in resolving present issues.