Glacial-biology in Himalayan Glaciers

Nozomu TAKEUCHI

doi:10.5331/seppyo.63.181

ヒマラヤの氷河の雪氷生物

竹内望

著者情報

キーワード: 雪氷生物, ヒマラヤ, 雪氷藻類, アルベド, アイスコア

ジャーナルフリー

2001 年 63 巻 2 号 p. 181-189

DOI https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.63.181

詳細

発行日: 2001/03/15 受付日: 2001/01/19 J-STAGE公開日: 2009/08/07 受理日: 2001/01/26 早期公開日: - 改訂日: -
訂正情報
訂正日: 2009/08/07 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 所属機関情報訂正内容: Wrong :
1) Frontier/IARC University of Alaska Fairbanks

Right :
1) Frontier/IARC University of Alaska Fairbanks

訂正日: 2009/08/07 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 引用文献情報訂正内容: Wrong : De Smet, W. H. and Van Rompu, E. A., 1994: Rotifera and tardigrada from some cryoconite holes on a Spitsbergen (Svalbard) glacier. Belg. J. Zool., 124, 27-37.
Gerdel, R.W. and Drouet, F., 1960: The cryoconite of the Thule Area, Greenland. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc., 79, 256-272.
Gribbon, P.W.F., 1979: Cryoconite holes on Sermikavsak, West Greenland. Journal of Glaciology, 22, 177-181.
Kadota, T., Fujita, K., Seko, K., Kayasuta, R. B., and Ageta, Y., 1997: Monitoring and reduction of shrinkage of a small glacier in the Nepal Himalaya. Annals of Glaciology, 24, 90-94.
Kikuchi, Y., 1994: Glaciella, a new genus of freshwater Canthocampyidae (Copepoda Harpacticoida) from a glacier in Nepal, Himalayas. Hydrobiologia, 192-193, 59-66.
Kohshima, S., 1984a: A novel cold-tolerant insect found in a Himalayan glacier. Nature, 310, 225-227.
Kohshima, S., 1984b: Living micro-plants in the dirt layer dust of Yala glacier. Glacial studies in Langtang Valley. ed. K. Higuchi, Nagoya, Data Center for Glacier Research, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Office, 91-97.
Kohshima, S., 1985a: Patagonian glaciers as insect habitats. Glaciological studies in Patagonia Northern Icefield 1983-1984. ed. C. Nakajima, Nagoya, Data Center for Glacier Research, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Office, 94-99.
Kohshima, S., 1985b: Migration of the Himalayan wingless glacier midge (Diamesa sp.) : slope direction assessment be suncompassed strait walk. J. Ethology, 3, 93-104.
Kohshima, S., 1987a: Formation of dirt layers and surface dust by micro-plant growth in Yala (Dakpatsen) Glacier, Nepal Himalayas. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 5, 63-68.
Kohshima, S., 1987b: Glacial biology and biotic communities. Evolution and coadaptation in biotic communities. ed. S. Kawano, J.H. Connell, &T Hidaka, Kyoto, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, 77-92.
Kohshima, S., Seko, K. and Yoshimura Y., 1993: Biotic acceleration of glacier melting in Yala Glacier, Langtang region, Nepal Himalaya. Snow and Glacier Hydrology (Proceeding of the Kathumandu Symposium, November 1992) IAHS Publ., 218, 309-316.
Kumada, K.,1965:Studies on the color of humic acids.Part 1 On the concepts of humic substances and humification. Soil science and plant nutrition,11,151-157.
Kumada, K., 1987: Chemistry of soil organic matter. Japan scientific societies press, 241 pp.
Maki, L. and Willoughby, K., 1978: Bacteria as biogenic sources of freezing nuclei. Journal of applied meteorology, 17, 1049-1053.
McIntyre, N.F., 1984: Cryoconite hole thermodynamics. Can. J. Earth Sci., 21, 152-156.
Moribayashi, S. and Higuchi, K, 1977: Characteristics of glaciers in the Khumbu Region and their recent variations. Seppyo (special issue), 39, 3-6.
Morita, R., 1975: Psychrophilic Bacteria. Bacteriological review, 39, 2, 144-167.
Nakawo, M., Fujita, K, Ageta, Y., Shankar, A.P., Pokhrel, A.P. and Yao T., 1997: Basic studies for assessing the impacts of the global warming on the Himalayan cryosphere, 1994-1996. Bulletin of glacier research, 17, 53-58.
Takeuchi, N., Kohshima, S. and Fujita, K., 1998: Snow algae community on a Himalayan glacier, Glacier AX010 East Nepal: Relationship with glacier summer mass balance. Bulletin of glacier research, 16, 43-50.
Takeuchi, N., Kohshima, S., Yoshimura, Y., Seko, S. and Fujita, K., 2000a: Characteristics of cryoconite holes on a Himalayan glacier, Yala Glacier Central Nepal. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 17, 51-59.
Takeuchi, N. and Kohshima, S., 2000b: Effect of debris cover on species composition of living organisms in supraglacial lakes on a Himalayan glacier. Debris covered glacier, IAHS publication (Proceedings of a workshop held at Seattle, Washington, USA, September 2000), 264, 267-275.
Takeuchi, N., Kohshima, S., Goto-Azuma, K. and Korner, R.M., 2001a: Biological characteristics of dark colored material (cryoconite) on Canadian Arctic glaciers (Devon and Penny ice caps). Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue, 54, accepted.
Takeuchi, N., Kohshima, S. and Seko, K., 2001b: Structure, formation, and darkening process of albedo-reducing material (cryoconite) on a Himalayan glacier: a granular algal mat growing on the glacier. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 33, accepted.
Thomas, W.H. and Duval, B., 1995: Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A., Snow algae: snow albedo changes, algal-bacterial Interrelationships, and ultraviolet radiation effects. Arctic and alpine research, 27, 389-399.
Walter, M.R. (eds), 1976: Stromatolites. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 790 pp.
Wharton, R.A., Vinyard, B.C., Parker, G.M., Simmons, G.M. and Seaburg, K.G., 1981: Algae in cryoconiteholes on Canada Glacier in Southern Victorialand, Antarctica. Phycologia, 20, 208-211.
Wharton, R.A., McKay, C.P., Simmons, G.M. and Parker, B.C. 1985: Cryoconite holes on glaciers. BioScience, 35, 449-503.
Willerslev, E., Hansen, A., Christensen, B., Steffensen, J. and Arctander, P., 1999: Diversity of Holocene life forms in fossil glacier ice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 96, 8017-8021.
Yoshimura, Y., Kohshima, S. and Ohtani, S., 1997: A community of snow algae on a Himalayan glacier: Change of algal biomass and community structure with altitude. Arctic and Alpine Research, 29, 126-137.
Yoshimura, Y., Kohshima, S., Takeuchi, N., Seko, K. and Fujita, K., 2000: Himalayan ice core dating with snow algae. Journal of Glaciology, 153, 244-252.

Right : De Smet, W. H. and Van Rompu, E. A., 1994: Rotifera and tardigrada from some cryoconite holes on a Spitsbergen (Svalbard) glacier. Belg. J. Zool., 124, 27-37.
Gerdel, R.W. and Drouet, F., 1960: The cryoconite of the Thule Area, Greenland. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc., 79, 256-272.
Gribbon, P.W.F., 1979: Cryoconite holes on Sermikavsak, West Greenland. Journal of Glaciology, 22, 177-181.
Kadota, T., Fujita, K., Seko, K., Kayasuta, R. B., and Ageta, Y., 1997: Monitoring and reduction of shrinkage of a small glacier in the Nepal Himalaya. Annals of Glaciology, 24, 90-94.
Kikuchi, Y., 1994: Glaciella, a new genus of freshwater Canthocampyidae (Copepoda Harpacticoida) from a glacier in Nepal, Himalayas. Hydrobiologia, 192-193, 59-66.
Kohshima, S., 1984a: A novel cold-tolerant insect found in a Himalayan glacier. Nature, 310, 225-227.
Kohshima, S., 1984b: Living micro-plants in the dirt layer dust of Yala glacier. Glacial studies in Langtang Valley. ed. K. Higuchi, Nagoya, Data Center for Glacier Research, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Office, 91-97.
Kohshima, S., 1985a: Patagonian glaciers as insect habitats. Glaciological studies in Patagonia Northern Icefield 1983-1984. ed. C. Nakajima, Nagoya, Data Center for Glacier Research, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Office, 94-99.
Kohshima, S., 1985b: Migration of the Himalayan wingless glacier midge (Diamesa sp.) : slope direction assessment be suncompassed strait walk. J. Ethology, 3, 93-104.
Kohshima, S., 1987a: Formation of dirt layers and surface dust by micro-plant growth in Yala (Dakpatsen) Glacier, Nepal Himalayas. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 5, 63-68.
Kohshima, S., 1987b: Glacial biology and biotic communities. Evolution and coadaptation in biotic communities. ed. S. Kawano, J.H. Connell, & T Hidaka, Kyoto, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, 77-92.
Kohshima, S., Seko, K. and Yoshimura Y., 1993: Biotic acceleration of glacier melting in Yala Glacier, Langtang region, Nepal Himalaya. Snow and Glacier Hydrology (Proceeding of the Kathumandu Symposium, November 1992) IAHS Publ., 218, 309-316.
Kumada, K.,1965:Studies on the color of humic acids.Part 1 On the concepts of humic substances and humification. Soil science and plant nutrition,11,151-157.
Kumada, K., 1987: Chemistry of soil organic matter. Japan scientific societies press, 241 pp.
Maki, L. and Willoughby, K., 1978: Bacteria as biogenic sources of freezing nuclei. Journal of applied meteorology, 17, 1049-1053.
McIntyre, N.F., 1984: Cryoconite hole thermodynamics. Can. J. Earth Sci., 21, 152-156.
Moribayashi, S. and Higuchi, K, 1977: Characteristics of glaciers in the Khumbu Region and their recent variations. Seppyo (special issue), 39, 3-6.
Morita, R., 1975: Psychrophilic Bacteria. Bacteriological review, 39, 2, 144-167.
Nakawo, M., Fujita, K, Ageta, Y., Shankar, A.P., Pokhrel, A.P. and Yao T., 1997: Basic studies for assessing the impacts of the global warming on the Himalayan cryosphere, 1994-1996. Bulletin of glacier research, 17, 53-58.
Takeuchi, N., Kohshima, S. and Fujita, K., 1998: Snow algae community on a Himalayan glacier, Glacier AX010 East Nepal: Relationship with glacier summer mass balance. Bulletin of glacier research, 16, 43-50.
Takeuchi, N., Kohshima, S., Yoshimura, Y., Seko, S. and Fujita, K., 2000a: Characteristics of cryoconite holes on a Himalayan glacier, Yala Glacier Central Nepal. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 17, 51-59.
Takeuchi, N. and Kohshima, S., 2000b: Effect of debris cover on species composition of living organisms in supraglacial lakes on a Himalayan glacier. Debris covered glacier, IAHS publication (Proceedings of a workshop held at Seattle, Washington, USA, September 2000), 264, 267-275.
Takeuchi, N., Kohshima, S., Goto-Azuma, K. and Korner, R.M., 2001a: Biological characteristics of dark colored material (cryoconite) on Canadian Arctic glaciers (Devon and Penny ice caps). Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue, 54, accepted.
Takeuchi, N., Kohshima, S. and Seko, K., 2001b: Structure, formation, and darkening process of albedo-reducing material (cryoconite) on a Himalayan glacier: a granular algal mat growing on the glacier. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 33, accepted.
Thomas, W.H. and Duval, B., 1995: Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A., Snow algae: snow albedo changes, algal-bacterial Interrelationships, and ultraviolet radiation effects. Arctic and alpine research, 27, 389-399.
Walter, M.R. (eds), 1976: Stromatolites. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 790 pp.
Wharton, R.A., Vinyard, B.C., Parker, G.M., Simmons, G.M. and Seaburg, K.G., 1981: Algae in cryoconiteholes on Canada Glacier in Southern Victorialand, Antarctica. Phycologia, 20, 208-211.
Wharton, R.A., McKay, C.P., Simmons, G.M. and Parker, B.C. 1985: Cryoconite holes on glaciers. BioScience, 35, 449-503.
Willerslev, E., Hansen, A., Christensen, B., Steffensen, J. and Arctander, P., 1999: Diversity of Holocene life forms in fossil glacier ice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 96, 8017-8021.
Yoshimura, Y., Kohshima, S. and Ohtani, S., 1997: A community of snow algae on a Himalayan glacier: Change of algal biomass and community structure with altitude. Arctic and Alpine Research, 29, 126-137.
Yoshimura, Y., Kohshima, S., Takeuchi, N., Seko, K. and Fujita, K., 2000: Himalayan ice core dating with snow algae. Journal of Glaciology, 153, 244-252.

抄録

本総説では,今までに明らかになったヒマラヤの氷河に生息する雪氷生物の生態を紹介し,微生物による雪氷面アルベド低下効果と,微生物を使ったアイスコア分析について解説する.雪氷生物とは,氷河や雪渓などの雪氷圏に生息する低温環境に適応した特殊な生物のことをいう.ヒマラヤ氷河には,雪氷藻類と呼ばれる植物が繁殖し,その生産に支えられた動物やバクテリアが生息しており,これらの生物で構成される単純で閉鎖的な生態系が存在している.雪氷生物は,氷河の環境に適応した特有のバイオマスや群集構造の分布,また行動や生活史をもっている.ヒマラヤに多く分布する岩屑に表面を覆われたデブリカバー氷河では,氷河上湖や氷体内水系を生息場所とした生物群集が存在する.雪氷生物は,地球物理学にも重要な面があることが明らかになってきた.雪氷生物の繁殖は氷河表面のアルベド(日射光の反射率)を低下させて融解を加速し氷河変動にも影響を及ぼすこと,アイスコアに含まれる雪氷微生物の分析が新たな過去環境の指標になる可能性があることがわかってきた.

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