Ablation process of debris-covered glaciers

Akiko SAKAI

doi:10.5331/seppyo.63.191

岩屑に覆われた氷河の融解過程

坂井亜規子

著者情報

キーワード: 氷河, デブリ, D型氷河, 消耗域, 顕熱

ジャーナルフリー

2001 年 63 巻 2 号 p. 191-200

DOI https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.63.191

詳細

発行日: 2001/03/15 受付日: 2001/01/24 J-STAGE公開日: 2009/08/07 受理日: 2001/02/15 早期公開日: - 改訂日: -
訂正情報
訂正日: 2009/08/07 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 所属機関情報訂正内容: Wrong :
1) Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences, Nagoya University

Right :
1) Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences, Nagoya University

訂正日: 2009/08/07 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 引用文献情報訂正内容: Wrong : Adhikary, S., Seko, K., Nakawo, M., Ageta, Y. and Miyazaki, N., 1997: Effect of surface dust on snow melt. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 15, 85-92.
Adhikary, S., Nakawo, M., Seko, K. and Shakya, B., 2000: Dust influence on the melting process of glacier ice: experimental results from Lirung Glacier, Nepal Himalayas. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 264, 43-52.
Ageta, Y., 1976: Characteristics of precipitation during monsoon season in Khumbu Himal. Seppyo, 38 (Special Issue), 84-88.
Benn, D. I. and Evans, D. J. A., 1998: Glaciers & Glaciation. London, Arnold, 734 pp.
Chinn, T.J. H. and Dillon, N A., 1987: Observations on a debris-covered polar glacier 'Whisky Glacier', James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica. J. Glaciol., 33, 300-310.
Drewry, D. J., 1972: A quantitative assessment of dirtcone dynamics. J. Glaciol., 11 (63), 431-446.
Fujii, Y., 1977: Field experiment on glacier ablation under a layer of debris cover. Seppyo, 39 (Special issue), 20-21.
Fujii, Y. and Higuchi, K., 1977: Statistical analyses of the forms of the glaciers in Khumbu Himal. Seppyo, 39 (Special issue), 7-14.
Fujita, K. and Sakai, A., 2000: Air temperature environment on debris-covered area of Lirung Glacier, Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalayas. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 264, 83-88.
Inoue, J. and Yoshida, M., 1980: Ablation and heat exchange over the Khumbu Glacier. Seppyo, 41 (Special issue), 26-33.
Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, 1996: Climate change 1995 ? the science of climate change: changes in sea level. WMO/UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 359-405.
Iwata, S., Watanabe, O. and Fushimi, H., 1980: Surface morphology in the ablation area of the Khumbu Glacier. Seppyo, 41 (Special issue), 9-17.
Iwata, S., Aoki, T., Kadota, T., Seko K. and Yamaguchi, S., 2000: Morphological evolution of the debris-covered surface of Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, between 1978 and 1995. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 264, 3-11.
Khan, M., 1989: Ablation on Barpu Glacier, Karakoram Himalaya, Pakistan: a study of melt processes on a faceted, debris-covered ice surface. Unplished Master's Thesis, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada, 158 pp.
Kirkbride, M. P., 1993: The temporal significance of transitions from melting to calving termini at glaciers in the central Southern Alps of New Zealand. The Holocene 3, 232-240.
Kotlyakov, V. M. and Dolgushin L. D., 1972: Possibility of artificial augmentation of melting by surface dusting of glaciers (results of Soviet Investigations) Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 107, 1421-1426.
Loomis, S. R., 1970: Morophology and structure of an ice-cored medial moraine, Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon. In: Studies of Morophology and Stream Action on Ablating Ice (ed. By S. R. Loomis, J. Dozier and K. J. Ewing), 1-56. Res. Paper No. 57, Arctic Inst. North America.
Mattson, L. E. and Gardner, J. S., 1989: Energy exchanges and ablation rates on the debris-covered Rakhiot Glacier, Pakistan. Zeitschrift fur Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 25, 17-32.
Mattson, L. E., Gardner, J. S. and Young, G. J., 1993: Ablation on debris covered glaciers: an example from the Rakhiot Glacier, Punjab, Himalaya. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 218, 289-296.
Meier, M. F., 1984: Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level. Science, 226, 1418-1421.
Moribayashi, S. and Higuchi K., 1977: Characteristics of Glaciers in the Khumbu Region and their Recent Variations. Seppyo, 39 (Special Issue), 3-6.
Nakawo, M., Iwata, S., Watanabe, O. and Yoshida, M., 1986: Processes which distribute supraglacial debris on the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himalaya. Annals of Glaciology, 8, 129-131.
Nakawo, M., Moroboshi, T. and Uehara, S., 1993: Satellite data utilization for estimating ablation of debris covered glaciers. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 218, 75-83.
Nakawo, M. and Rana, B., 1999: Estimate of ablation rate of glacier ice under a supraglacial debris layer. Geografiska Annaler, 81A, 695-701.
Nakawo, M., Yabuki, H. and Sakai, A., 1999: Characteristic of Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himalaya: recent change in the debris-covered area. Ann. of Glaciol. 28, 118-122.
Nakawo, M. and Young, G. J., 1981: Field experiments to determine the effect of a debris layer on ablation of glacier ice. Annals of Glaciology, 2, 85-91.
Nakawo, M. and Young, G. J., 1982: Estimate of glacier ablation under a debris layer from surface temperature and meteorological variables. J. Glaciol., 28, 29-34.
Naslund, J. O. and Hassinen, S., 1996: Supraglacial sediment accumulations and large englacial water conduits at high elevations in Myrdalsjokull, Iceland. J. Glaciol., 42, 190-192.
Østrem, G., 1959: Ice melting under a thin layer of moraine and the existance of ice cores in moraine ridges. Geografiska Annaler, 41, 228-230.
Paterson, W.S.B., 1994: The Physics of Glaciers, 3rd edition. Pergamon, Oxford, 480 pp.
Rana, B., Nakawo, M., Ageta, Y., Seko, K., Kubota, J. and Kojima, A., 1998: Glacier ablation under debris cover: field observations on Lirung Glacier, Nepal Himalayas. Ecohydrology of High Mountain Areas. Proceedings of the International Conference on Echohydrology of High Mountain Areas, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1996, 393-403.
Sakai, A., Nakawo, M. and Fujita, K., 1998: Melt rate of ice cliffs on the Lirung Glacier, Nepal Himalayas, 1996. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 16, 57-66.
Sakai, A., Takeuchi, N., Fujita, K. and Nakawo, M., 2000: Role of supraglacial pond in the ablation process of a debris-covered glacier in the Nepal Himalayas. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 264, 119-130.
Takeuchi, Y., Kayastha, R. B. and Nakawo, M., 2000: Characteristics of ablation and heat balance in debrisfree and debris-covered areas on Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himalayas, in the premonsoon season. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 264, 53-69.
Watanabe, O., Iwata, S. and Fushimi, H., 1986: Topographic characteristics in the ablation area of the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himayaya. Ann. Glaciol. 8, 177-180..
Zotikov I. A. and Moiseeva G. P., 1972: A theoretical study of ice surface dusting influence on melting intensity. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 107, 1410-1419.

Right : Adhikary, S., Seko, K., Nakawo, M., Ageta, Y. and Miyazaki, N., 1997: Effect of surface dust on snow melt. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 15, 85-92.
Adhikary, S., Nakawo, M., Seko, K. and Shakya, B., 2000: Dust influence on the melting process of glacier ice: experimental results from Lirung Glacier, Nepal Himalayas. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 264, 43-52.
Ageta, Y., 1976: Characteristics of precipitation during monsoon season in Khumbu Himal. Seppyo, 38 (Special Issue), 84-88.
Benn, D. I. and Evans, D. J. A., 1998: Glaciers & Glaciation. London, Arnold, 734 pp.
Chinn, T.J. H. and Dillon, N A., 1987: Observations on a debris-covered polar glacier 'Whisky Glacier', James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica. J. Glaciol., 33, 300-310.
Drewry, D. J., 1972: A quantitative assessment of dirtcone dynamics. J. Glaciol., 11 (63), 431-446.
Fujii, Y., 1977: Field experiment on glacier ablation under a layer of debris cover. Seppyo, 39 (Special issue), 20-21.
Fujii, Y. and Higuchi, K., 1977: Statistical analyses of the forms of the glaciers in Khumbu Himal. Seppyo, 39 (Special issue), 7-14.
Fujita, K. and Sakai, A., 2000: Air temperature environment on debris-covered area of Lirung Glacier, Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalayas. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 264, 83-88.
Inoue, J. and Yoshida, M., 1980: Ablation and heat exchange over the Khumbu Glacier. Seppyo, 41 (Special issue), 26-33.
Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, 1996: Climate change 1995 ? the science of climate change: changes in sea level. WMO/UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 359-405.
Iwata, S., Watanabe, O. and Fushimi, H., 1980: Surface morphology in the ablation area of the Khumbu Glacier. Seppyo, 41 (Special issue), 9-17.
Iwata, S., Aoki, T., Kadota, T., Seko K. and Yamaguchi, S., 2000: Morphological evolution of the debris-covered surface of Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, between 1978 and 1995. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 264, 3-11.
Khan, M., 1989: Ablation on Barpu Glacier, Karakoram Himalaya, Pakistan: a study of melt processes on a faceted, debris-covered ice surface. Unplished Master's Thesis, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada, 158 pp.
Kirkbride, M. P., 1993: The temporal significance of transitions from melting to calving termini at glaciers in the central Southern Alps of New Zealand. The Holocene 3, 232-240.
Kotlyakov, V. M. and Dolgushin L. D., 1972: Possibility of artificial augmentation of melting by surface dusting of glaciers (results of Soviet Investigations) Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 107, 1421-1426.
Loomis, S. R., 1970: Morophology and structure of an ice-cored medial moraine, Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon. In: Studies of Morophology and Stream Action on Ablating Ice (ed. By S. R. Loomis, J. Dozier and K. J. Ewing), 1-56. Res. Paper No. 57, Arctic Inst. North America.
Mattson, L. E. and Gardner, J. S., 1989: Energy exchanges and ablation rates on the debris-covered Rakhiot Glacier, Pakistan. Zeitschrift fur Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 25, 17-32.
Mattson, L. E., Gardner, J. S. and Young, G. J., 1993: Ablation on debris covered glaciers: an example from the Rakhiot Glacier, Punjab, Himalaya. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 218, 289-296.
Meier, M. F., 1984: Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level. Science, 226, 1418-1421.
Moribayashi, S. and Higuchi K., 1977: Characteristics of Glaciers in the Khumbu Region and their Recent Variations. Seppyo, 39 (Special Issue), 3-6.
Nakawo, M., Iwata, S., Watanabe, O. and Yoshida, M., 1986: Processes which distribute supraglacial debris on the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himalaya. Annals of Glaciology, 8, 129-131.
Nakawo, M., Moroboshi, T. and Uehara, S., 1993: Satellite data utilization for estimating ablation of debris covered glaciers. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 218, 75-83.
Nakawo, M. and Rana, B., 1999: Estimate of ablation rate of glacier ice under a supraglacial debris layer. Geografiska Annaler, 81A, 695-701.
Nakawo, M., Yabuki, H. and Sakai, A., 1999: Characteristic of Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himalaya: recent change in the debris-covered area. Ann. of Glaciol. 28, 118-122.
Nakawo, M. and Young, G. J., 1981: Field experiments to determine the effect of a debris layer on ablation of glacier ice. Annals of Glaciology, 2, 85-91.
Nakawo, M. and Young, G. J., 1982: Estimate of glacier ablation under a debris layer from surface temperature and meteorological variables. J. Glaciol., 28, 29-34.
Naslund, J. O. and Hassinen, S., 1996: Supraglacial sediment accumulations and large englacial water conduits at high elevations in Myrdalsjokull, Iceland. J. Glaciol., 42, 190-192.
Østrem, G., 1959: Ice melting under a thin layer of moraine and the existance of ice cores in moraine ridges. Geografiska Annaler, 41, 228-230.
Paterson, W.S.B., 1994: The Physics of Glaciers, 3rd edition. Pergamon, Oxford, 480 pp.
Rana, B., Nakawo, M., Ageta, Y., Seko, K., Kubota, J. and Kojima, A., 1998: Glacier ablation under debris cover: field observations on Lirung Glacier, Nepal Himalayas. Ecohydrology of High Mountain Areas. Proceedings of the International Conference on Echohydrology of High Mountain Areas, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1996, 393-403.
Sakai, A., Nakawo, M. and Fujita, K., 1998: Melt rate of ice cliffs on the Lirung Glacier, Nepal Himalayas, 1996. Bulletin of Glacier Research, 16, 57-66.
Sakai, A., Takeuchi, N., Fujita, K. and Nakawo, M., 2000: Role of supraglacial pond in the ablation process of a debris-covered glacier in the Nepal Himalayas. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 264, 119-130.
Takeuchi, Y., Kayastha, R. B. and Nakawo, M., 2000: Characteristics of ablation and heat balance in debrisfree and debris-covered areas on Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himalayas, in the premonsoon season. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 264, 53-69.
Watanabe, O., Iwata, S. and Fushimi, H., 1986: Topographic characteristics in the ablation area of the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himayaya. Ann. Glaciol. 8, 177-180..
Zotikov I. A. and Moiseeva G. P., 1972: A theoretical study of ice surface dusting influence on melting intensity. Intern. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci., 107, 1410-1419.

抄録

岩屑に覆われた永河の融解過程は複雑で観測が困難なためこれまで詳細な研究が少なかった.当初の研究は岩屑に覆われた部分に重点がおかれ,均一な厚さの岩屑に覆われた氷雪の融解についての実験的研究が多くの研究者によって行われてきた.実際の氷河では岩屑の粒径,組成,厚さなどの分布を広い面にわたって把握することが困難であった.そこで近年発達した衛星画像で得られた表面温度分布から消耗域全体の融解量を推定するモデルが開発された.このモデルにより推定された値は実際の岩屑に覆われた氷河の融解量よりも大きくなった.この原因は岩屑氷河の池や氷壁の部分で大きな熱の吸収が氷河の融解を促進させていることが一因と考えられる.

責任著者(Corresponding author)

訂正情報

J-STAGEへの登録はこちら（無料）