Sintering process and temperature dependence of the dielectric behavior of snow samples

Iwao TAKEI

doi:10.5331/seppyo.65.511

雪試料の誘電的性質における経時変化と温度特性

竹井巖

著者情報

キーワード: 雪, 誘電分散, 融点近傍, 擬似液体層, 粒子間結合

ジャーナルフリー

2003 年 65 巻 6 号 p. 511-522

DOI https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.65.511

詳細

発行日: 2003/11/15 受付日: 2002/06/21 J-STAGE公開日: 2009/08/07 受理日: 2003/08/20 早期公開日: - 改訂日: -
訂正情報
訂正日: 2009/08/07 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 論文抄録訂正内容: Wrong : Dielectric properties of snow samples, which were made from stored snow or hoar frost, were studied in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 5 MHz and temperature range from -15&deg:C to -0.3&deg:C. In the sintering process at -1&deg:C, the dielectric dispersion strength and the low-frequency conductivity of snow samples increased with time. The sintering effects can be mainly related to the growth of bonds between ice particles. The dielectric-relaxation time of snow samples at -10°C was less than 1/10 the value for ice. A typical plot of the complex dielectric constant (Cole-Cole plot) showed a locus with a depressed shape on the high-frequency side, which reveals the distribution of relaxation times. The results of the dielectric dispersion suggest an easier reorientation of water molecules near the surface of ice particles. The low-frequency conduction, which reflects the d.c. conduction in snow samples, consists largely of surface conduction on the ice particles, and shows the influence of the quasi-liquid layer on the ice particles above -6&deg:C. The temperature dependence of the low-frequency conductivity(e.g. at 100 Hz)of snow samples shows a peak around -2deg:C.
Right : Dielectric properties of snow samples, which were made from stored snow or hoar frost, were studied in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 5 MHz and temperature range from -15°C to -0.3°C. In the sintering process at -1°C, the dielectric dispersion strength and the low-frequency conductivity of snow samples increased with time. The sintering effects can be mainly related to the growth of bonds between ice particles. The dielectric-relaxation time of snow samples at -10°C was less than 1/10 the value for ice. A typical plot of the complex dielectric constant (Cole-Cole plot) showed a locus with a depressed shape on the high-frequency side, which reveals the distribution of relaxation times. The results of the dielectric dispersion suggest an easier reorientation of water molecules near the surface of ice particles. The low-frequency conduction, which reflects the d.c. conduction in snow samples, consists largely of surface conduction on the ice particles, and shows the influence of the quasi-liquid layer on the ice particles above -6°C. The temperature dependence of the low-frequency conductivity(e.g. at 100 Hz)of snow samples shows a peak around -2deg:C.

訂正日: 2009/08/07 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 所属機関情報訂正内容: Wrong :
1) Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Hokuriku University

Right :
1) Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Hokuriku University

訂正日: 2009/08/07 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 引用文献情報訂正内容: Wrong : Addison, J. R.,1975:Electrical properties of saline ice at 1 kHz down to -150°C.J. Appl. Phys.,46,513-522.
Auty, R. P. and Cole, R. H., 1952: Dielectric properties of ice and solid D2O. J. Chem. Phys., 20, 1309-1314.
Camplin, G. C., Glen, J. W. and Paren, J. G., 1978: Theoretical. models for interpreting the Dielectric behaviour of HF-doped ice. J. Glaciology, 21, 123-141.
Colbeck, S. C., 1997: A review of sintering in seasonal snow. CRREL Report 97-10, pp. 11.
Cole, K. S. and Cole, R. H., 1941: Dispersion and Absorption in Dielectrics, I. Alternating Current Characteristics. J. Chem. Phys., 9, 341-351.
Cumming, W. A., 1952: The Dielectric Properties of Ice and Snow at 3.2 Centimeters. J Appl. Phys., 23, 768-773.
Davidson, D. W. and Cole, R. H., 1951: Dielectric Relaxation in Glycerol, Propylene Glycol, and n-Propanol. J. Chem. Phys., 19, 1484-1490.
Denoth, A., 1982: Effect of grain geometry on electrical properties of snow at frequency up to 100 MHz. J. Appl. Phys., 53 (11) , 7496-7501.
Denoth, A., Foglar, A., Weiland, P., Mätzler, C., Aebischer, H., Tiuri, M. and Sihvola, A., 1984: A comparative study of instruments for measuring the liquid water content of snow. J. Appl. Phys., 56, 2154-2160.
Denoth,. A., 1989: Snow dielectric measurements. Adv. Space Res., 9, 233-243.
Furukawa, Y, Yamamoto, M. and Kuroda, T., 1987: Ellipsometric study of the transition layer on the surface of an ice crystal. J. Crystal Growth, 82, 665-677.
Glen, J. W. and Paren, J. G., 1975: The electrical properties of snow and ice. J. Glaciol., 15, 15-38.
Havriliak, S. and Negami, S., 1966: A Complex Plane Analysis of α-Dispersions in Some Polymer Systems. Journal of Polymer Science: Part C, 14, 99-117.
Hiltbrunner, D., Strozzi, T., Mätzler, C. and Standley, M. A., 1997: Identification of electromagnetic signatures and data gaps of snow related to microwave and optical measurements. In SNOW-TOOLS, Research and development of remote sensing methods for snow hydrology, Environment and Climate project supported by the Commission of the European Community: ENV4-CT96-0304, 53 pp.
Huining, W., Pulliainen, J. and Hallikainen, M., 1999: Effective permittivity of dry snow in the 18 to 90 GHz range. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 24, 119-138.
Keeler, C. M., 1969: Some physical properties of Alpine snow. U. S. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory research Report 271, 51-57 (67 pp.).
Kopp, M., 1962: Conductivite de le neige, au courant continu. Journal de Mathematiques et de Physique Appliques (ZAMP), 13, 431-441.
Kuroiwa, D. 1962. Electrical properties of snow. In Bader, H. and D. Kuroiwa, eds. The physics and mechanics of snow as a material. Hanover, NH, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. (CRREL Monogr. II-B.) , 63-79 (79 pp).
Maeno, N., 1978: The electrical behaviors of Antarctic ice drilled at Mizuho station, East Antarctica. Mem. Natl Inst. Polar Res., Spec. Issue, 10, 77-94.
Maeno, N. and Nishimura, H., 1978: The Electrical Properties of Ice Surfaces. J. Glaciol, 21, 193-205.
Mizuno, Y, and Hanafusa, N., 1987: Studies of surface properties of ice using nuclear magnetic resonance. J. de Phys. Cl, 48, 511-517.
Paren, J.G. and Glen, J.W. 1978: Electrical Behavior of Finely Divided Ice. J. Glaciol., 21, 173-191.
Petrenko, V. E, and Whitworth, R. W., 1999: Physics of ice. Oxford Univ. Press, 373 pp.
Sihvola, A. and Tiuri, M., 1986: Snow fork for field determination of the density and wetness profiles of a snow pack., IEEE Trans. Geosci. RemoteSensing, GE-24, 717-721.
Takei, I. and Maeno, N., 2001: The low-frequency conductivity of snow near the melting temperature. Ann., Glacial., 32, 14-18.
Takei, I. and Maeno, N., 2003: Dielectric and mechanical alterations of snow properties near the melting temperature. Gan. J. Phys. 81(1-2) , 233-239.
Traub, L. T. and Gribbon, P. W. F., 1978: The activation energies of temperate snow samples. J. Glaciol., 21, 331- 339.
Tiuri, M. E., Shivola, A. H., Nyfors, E. G. and Hallikaiken, M. T., 1984: The Complex Dielectric Constant of Snow at Microwave Frequency. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 5, 377-382.
Yosida, Z., Oura, H., Kuroiwa, D., Huzioka, T, Kojima, K. and Kinosita, S., 1958: Physical studies on deposited snow. V. Dielectric properties. Contrib. No. 393, Inst. Low Temp. Sci., 14, 1-33.

Right : Addison, J. R.,1975:Electrical properties of saline ice at 1 kHz down to -150°C.J. Appl. Phys.,46,513-522.
Auty, R. P. and Cole, R. H., 1952: Dielectric properties of ice and solid D2O. J. Chem. Phys., 20, 1309-1314.
Camplin, G. C., Glen, J. W. and Paren, J. G., 1978: Theoretical. models for interpreting the Dielectric behaviour of HF-doped ice. J. Glaciology, 21, 123-141.
Colbeck, S. C., 1997: A review of sintering in seasonal snow. CRREL Report 97-10, pp. 11.
Cole, K. S. and Cole, R. H., 1941: Dispersion and Absorption in Dielectrics, I. Alternating Current Characteristics. J. Chem. Phys., 9, 341-351.
Cumming, W. A., 1952: The Dielectric Properties of Ice and Snow at 3.2 Centimeters. J Appl. Phys., 23, 768-773.
Davidson, D. W. and Cole, R. H., 1951: Dielectric Relaxation in Glycerol, Propylene Glycol, and n-Propanol. J. Chem. Phys., 19, 1484-1490.
Denoth, A., 1982: Effect of grain geometry on electrical properties of snow at frequency up to 100 MHz. J. Appl. Phys., 53 (11) , 7496-7501.
Denoth, A., Foglar, A., Weiland, P., Mätzler, C., Aebischer, H., Tiuri, M. and Sihvola, A., 1984: A comparative study of instruments for measuring the liquid water content of snow. J. Appl. Phys., 56, 2154-2160.
Denoth,. A., 1989: Snow dielectric measurements. Adv. Space Res., 9, 233-243.
Furukawa, Y, Yamamoto, M. and Kuroda, T., 1987: Ellipsometric study of the transition layer on the surface of an ice crystal. J. Crystal Growth, 82, 665-677.
Glen, J. W. and Paren, J. G., 1975: The electrical properties of snow and ice. J. Glaciol., 15, 15-38.
Havriliak, S. and Negami, S., 1966: A Complex Plane Analysis of α-Dispersions in Some Polymer Systems. Journal of Polymer Science: Part C, 14, 99-117.
Hiltbrunner, D., Strozzi, T., Mätzler, C. and Standley, M. A., 1997: Identification of electromagnetic signatures and data gaps of snow related to microwave and optical measurements. In SNOW-TOOLS, Research and development of remote sensing methods for snow hydrology, Environment and Climate project supported by the Commission of the European Community: ENV4-CT96-0304, 53 pp.
Huining, W., Pulliainen, J. and Hallikainen, M., 1999: Effective permittivity of dry snow in the 18 to 90 GHz range. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 24, 119-138.
Keeler, C. M., 1969: Some physical properties of Alpine snow. U. S. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory research Report 271, 51-57 (67 pp.).
Kopp, M., 1962: Conductivite de le neige, au courant continu. Journal de Mathematiques et de Physique Appliques (ZAMP), 13, 431-441.
Kuroiwa, D. 1962. Electrical properties of snow. In Bader, H. and D. Kuroiwa, eds. The physics and mechanics of snow as a material. Hanover, NH, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. (CRREL Monogr. II-B.) , 63-79 (79 pp).
Maeno, N., 1978: The electrical behaviors of Antarctic ice drilled at Mizuho station, East Antarctica. Mem. Natl Inst. Polar Res., Spec. Issue, 10, 77-94.
Maeno, N. and Nishimura, H., 1978: The Electrical Properties of Ice Surfaces. J. Glaciol, 21, 193-205.
Mizuno, Y, and Hanafusa, N., 1987: Studies of surface properties of ice using nuclear magnetic resonance. J. de Phys. Cl, 48, 511-517.
Paren, J.G. and Glen, J.W. 1978: Electrical Behavior of Finely Divided Ice. J. Glaciol., 21, 173-191.
Petrenko, V. E, and Whitworth, R. W., 1999: Physics of ice. Oxford Univ. Press, 373 pp.
Sihvola, A. and Tiuri, M., 1986: Snow fork for field determination of the density and wetness profiles of a snow pack., IEEE Trans. Geosci. RemoteSensing, GE-24, 717-721.
Takei, I. and Maeno, N., 2001: The low-frequency conductivity of snow near the melting temperature. Ann., Glacial., 32, 14-18.
Takei, I. and Maeno, N., 2003: Dielectric and mechanical alterations of snow properties near the melting temperature. Gan. J. Phys. 81(1-2) , 233-239.
Traub, L. T. and Gribbon, P. W. F., 1978: The activation energies of temperate snow samples. J. Glaciol., 21, 331- 339.
Tiuri, M. E., Shivola, A. H., Nyfors, E. G. and Hallikaiken, M. T., 1984: The Complex Dielectric Constant of Snow at Microwave Frequency. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 5, 377-382.
Yosida, Z., Oura, H., Kuroiwa, D., Huzioka, T, Kojima, K. and Kinosita, S., 1958: Physical studies on deposited snow. V. Dielectric properties. Contrib. No. 393, Inst. Low Temp. Sci., 14, 1-33.

抄録

雪試料の誘電的性質を,その経時変化と温度特性について示す.使用した雪試料は,-20℃の冷凍庫に保管していた保存雪または霜をふるいでほぐして試料セルに詰めたものである.雪の誘電的性質を50 Hzから5 MHzの周波数範囲,-15℃から-0.3℃の温度範囲で調べた.-1℃付近で焼鈍した場合,雪試料の誘電分散強度(静的誘電率)と低周波電気伝導度が時間とともに増加することが観察された.これらの経時変化は,試料内部の氷粒子間結合の成長に対応するものと考えられる.水分子配向に起因する誘電分散の-10℃での緩和時間は,氷の場合の10分の1程度に短い値を示した.また,誘電分散はCole-Cole図においてつぶれた形をしており,緩和時間が分布している傾向を示した.高周波数側への緩和時間の分布は,雪試料内部の氷表面の存在が,その表面付近の水分子の配向挙動を容易にしているとして説明できる.低周波電気伝導度には,雪試料内の氷粒子表面を流れる表面電気伝導成分が大きく寄与しており,-6℃程度以上で疑似液体層の影響によると考えられる増加も認められた.また,低周波電気伝導度(例えば100 Hzでの値)に融点近傍-2℃付近でピーク現象が認められた.

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