Passive microwave remote sensing for snow

Hiroyuki TSUTSUI

doi:10.5331/seppyo.69.169

受動型マイクロ波センサーによる積雪のリモートセンシング

筒井浩行

著者情報

キーワード: 受動型マイクロ波リモートセンシング, 積雪, アルゴリズム, 放射伝達理論

ジャーナルフリー

2007 年 69 巻 2 号 p. 169-184

DOI https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.69.169

詳細

発行日: 2007/03/15 受付日: 2006/09/26 J-STAGE公開日: 2009/08/07 受理日: 2006/09/26 早期公開日: - 改訂日: -
訂正情報
訂正日: 2009/08/07 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 所属機関情報訂正内容: Wrong :
1) Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo

Right :
1) Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo

訂正日: 2009/08/07 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 引用文献情報訂正内容: Wrong : Andreadis, K. M. and Lettenmaire, D. P., 2006: Assimilating remotely sensed snow observations into a macroscale hydrology model. Advances in Water Resources, 29, 872-886.
Armstrong, R.L., Chang, A.T.C., Rango, A. and Josberger, E.G., 1993: Snow depth and grain size relationships with relevance for passive microwave studies. Ann. Glaciol., 17, 171-176.
Barry, R.G. and Schweiger, A.J., 1988: Snow cover conditions in Northern and Central Europe. Final Report to NSF, 85, 85-86.
Brun, E., David, P., Sudul, M. and Brunot, G., 1992: A numerical model to simulate snowcover stratigraphy, for operational avalanche forecasting. J. Glaciol., 38, 13-22.
Chang, A.T.C., Foster, J.L. and Hall, D.K., 1987: Nimbus-7 derived global snow cover parameters. Ann. Glaciol., 9, 39-44.
Chang, A.T.C., Foster J.L. and Rango, A., 1991: Utilization of surface cover composition to improve the microwave determination of snow water equivalent in a mountainous basin. Int. J. Remote Sens., 12, 2311-2319.
Che, T., Li, X, Gao, F. and Armstrong, R.L., 2004: Study of snow water resources by passive microwave satellite data in China complete hydrological year. Proc. IGARSS2004, 6, 3674-3676.
Clark, M.P., Slater,A.G., Barrett,A.P., Hay,L.E., McCabe, G.J., Rajagopalan, B. and Leavesley, G.H., 2006: Assimilation of snow covered area information into hydrologic and land-surface models Advances in Water Resources, 29, 1209-1221.
Derksen, C., Walker, A. and Goodison, B., 2005: Evaluation of passive microwave snow water equivalent retrievals across the boreal forest/tundra transition of western Canada. Remote Sens. Environ., 96, 315-327.
DeSeve, D., Bernier, M., Fortin, J.P. and Walker, A., 1997: Preliminary analysis of snow microwave radiometry using the SSM/I passive-microwave data. The case of La Grande River watershed (Quebec). Ann. Glaciol., 25, 353-361.
England, A.W., 1975: Thermal microwave Emission from a Scattering Layer. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 4484-4496.
Foster, J.L., Chang, A.T.C. and Hall, D.K., 1997: Comparison of Snow Mass Estimates from a Prototype Passive Microwave Snow Algorithm, a Revised Algorithm and a Snow Depth Climatology. Remote Sens. Environ., 62, 132-142.
Foster, J.L., Sun, C., Walker, J.P., Kelly, R.E.J., Chang, A.T.C, Dong, D. and Powell, H., 2005: Quantifying the uncertainty in passive microwave snow water equivalent observations. Remote Sens. Environ., 94, 187-203.
Graf, T., Koike, T., Li, X., Hirai, M. and Tsutsui, H, 2006: Assimilating Passive Microwave Brightness Temperature Data into a Land Surface Model to Improve Predictability of Snow Properties. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, (submitted).
Grippa, M., Mognard, N., Toan, T.L. and Josberger, E. G., 2004: SiBeria snow depth climatology derived from SSM/I data using a combined dynamic and static algorithm. Remote Sens. Environ., 93, 30-41.
Grody, N.C. and Basist, A.N., 1996: Global identification of snowcover using SSM/I measurements. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34, 237-249.
Guo, J., Tsang, L. Josberger, E., Hwang, J-N., 2002: Mapping the spatial Distribution and Time Evolution of Snow Water Equivalent with Passive Microwave Measurements. Proc. IGARSS2002, 1, 454- 456.
Guo, J., Tsang, L., Josberger, E. and Hwang, J-N., 2003: Mapping the spatial distribution and time evolution of snow water equivalent with passive microwave measurements. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 612-621.
Hahn,D.G. and Shukla J., 1976: An apparent relationship between Eurasian snow cover and Indian monsoon rainfall. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2461-2462.
Hall, D.K., Foster, J.L. and Chang, A.T.C., 1982: Measurement and modeling of emission from forested snow fields in Michigan. Nord. Hydrol., 13, 129-138.
Hallikainen, M.T. and Jolma, P.A., 1986: Retrieval of water equivalent of snow cover in Finland by satellite microwave radiometry. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 24, 855-862.
Jordan, R., 1991: A one-dimensional temperature model for a snow cover. Technical documentation for SNTHERM. 89. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, CRREL Special Report, 64, 91-16.
Josberger, E.G. and Mognard, N.M., 2002: A passive microwave snow depth algorithm with a proxy for snow metamorphism. Hydrol. Process, 16, 1557-1568.
Kelly, R.E.J., Chang, A.T.C., Tsang, L. and Chen, C.T., 2002: Parameterization of snowpack grain size for global satellite microwave estimates of snow depth. Proc. IGARSS2002, 1, 686-688.
Kelly, R.E.J., Chang, A.T.C., Tsang, L. and Foster, J. L., 2003: A Prototype AMSR-E Global Snow Area and Snow Depth Algorithm. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 230-242.
Koike, T. and Suhama, T., 1993: Passive-microwave remote sensing of snow. Ann.Glaciol., 18, 305-308.
Kruopis, N., Koskinen, J., Praks, J., Arslan, A.N., Alasaalmi, H. and Hallikainen, M., 1998: Investigation of passive microwave signatures over snowcovered forest areas. Proc. IGARSS1998, 1544-1546.
Künzi, K.F., Patil, S. and Rott, H., 1982: Snow-cover parameters retrieved from Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 20, 452-467.
Liu, G., 1998: A fast and accurate model for microwave radiance calculations. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 76,335-343.
Loveland, T.R., Reed, B.C., Brown, J.F., Ohlen, D. O., Zhu, J., Yang, L. and Merchant, J.W., 2000: Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP discover from 1-km AVHRR Data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 21, 1303-1330.
Mätzler, C., 1987: Applications of the interaction of micro-waves with the natural snow cover. Remote Sens. Rev., 2, 259-391.
Mätzler, C., 1994: Passive microwave signatures of landscapes in winter. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 54, 241-260.
Robinson, D.A., 1993: Monitoring northern hemisphere snow cover. Snow Watch'92, Detection Strategies for Snow and Ice, Glaciological Data GD-25, 1-25.
Robinson, D.A. and Kukla, G., 1985: Maximum surface albedo of seasonally snow covered lands in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 402-411.
Robinson, D.A., Dewey, K.F. and Heim, R.R., 1993: Global snow cover monitoring. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 1689-1696.
Rott, H. and Aschbacher, J., 1989: On the use of satellite microwave radiometers for large scale hydrology. Proc. IASH 3rd Int. Assembly on Remote Sensing and Large Scale Global Processes, Baltimore, 21-30.
Sellers, P.J., Mintz, Y., Sud, Y.C. and Dalcher, A., 1986: A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 505-531.
Sturm, M. and Benson, C.S., 1997: Vapor transport, grain growth and depth hoar development in the sub-Arctic snow, J. Glaciol., 43,42-59.
Sturm, M., Holmgren, J. and Liston, G.E., 1995: A seasonal snow cover classification system for local to global applications. J. Climate, 8, 1261-1283.
Sun, C.Y, Neale, C.M.U. and McDonnell, J.J., 1996: Snow wetness estimates of vegetated terrain from satellite passive microwave data. Hydrol. Process, 10, 1619-1628.
Tait, A. and Armstrong, R., 1996: Evaluation of SMMR satellite-derived snow depth using groundbased measurements. Int. J. Remote Sens., 17, 657-665.
Tedesco, M., Pulliainen, J., Takala, M., Hallikainen, M., Pampaloni, P., 2004: Artificial neural networkbased techniques for the retrieval of SWE and snow depth from SSM/I data. Remote Sens. Environ., 90, 76-85.
Tsang, L. and Kong, J.A., 1980: Multiple scattering of electromagnetic waves by random distribution of discrete scatterers with coherent potential and quantum mechanical formalism. J. Appl. Phys., 51, 3465-3485.
Tsang, L. and Kong, J.A., 1992: Scattering of electromagnetic waves from a dense medium consisting of correlated Mie scatterers with size distributions and applications to dry snow. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 6, 265-286.
Tsang, L., Chen, C.T., Chang, A.T.C., Guo, J.J. and Ting, K.H., 2000: Dense media radiative transfer theory based on quasicrystalline approximation with applications to passive remote sensing of snow. Radio Sci., 35, 731-749.
Ulaby, F.T. and Jedlica, R.P., 1984: Microwave dielectric properties if plant materials. IEEE Trans.Geosci. Remote Sens., 22, 406-414.
Walker, A.E., Goodison, B.E., 1993: Discrimination of wet snow cover using passive microwave satellite data. Ann. Glaciol., 17, 307-311.
Walker, A.E. and Goodison, B.E., 2000: Challenges in Determining Snow Water Equivalent Over Canada using Microwave Radiometry. Proc. IGARSS 2000, 4, 1551-1554.
Walsh, J. E., 1995: Long-term observations for monitoring of the cryosphere. Climatic Change, 31, 369-394.
Wilson, L., Tsang, L., Hwang, J-H. and Chen, C-T., 1999: Mapping snow water equivalent in mountainous areas by combining a spatially distributed snow hydrology model with passive microwave remote sensing data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 37, 690-704.
Yasunari, T. and Seki. Y., 1992: Role of Asian monsoon on the inter-annual variability of the global climate system. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 177-189.

Right : Andreadis, K. M. and Lettenmaire, D. P., 2006: Assimilating remotely sensed snow observations into a macroscale hydrology model. Advances in Water Resources, 29, 872-886.
Armstrong, R.L., Chang, A.T.C., Rango, A. and Josberger, E.G., 1993: Snow depth and grain size relationships with relevance for passive microwave studies. Ann. Glaciol., 17, 171-176.
Barry, R.G. and Schweiger, A.J., 1988: Snow cover conditions in Northern and Central Europe. Final Report to NSF, 85, 85-86.
Brun, E., David, P., Sudul, M. and Brunot, G., 1992: A numerical model to simulate snowcover stratigraphy, for operational avalanche forecasting. J. Glaciol., 38, 13-22.
Chang, A.T.C., Foster, J.L. and Hall, D.K., 1987: Nimbus-7 derived global snow cover parameters. Ann. Glaciol., 9, 39-44.
Chang, A.T.C., Foster J.L. and Rango, A., 1991: Utilization of surface cover composition to improve the microwave determination of snow water equivalent in a mountainous basin. Int. J. Remote Sens., 12, 2311-2319.
Che, T., Li, X, Gao, F. and Armstrong, R.L., 2004: Study of snow water resources by passive microwave satellite data in China complete hydrological year. Proc. IGARSS2004, 6, 3674-3676.
Clark, M.P., Slater,A.G., Barrett,A.P., Hay,L.E., McCabe, G.J., Rajagopalan, B. and Leavesley, G.H., 2006: Assimilation of snow covered area information into hydrologic and land-surface models Advances in Water Resources, 29, 1209-1221.
Derksen, C., Walker, A. and Goodison, B., 2005: Evaluation of passive microwave snow water equivalent retrievals across the boreal forest/tundra transition of western Canada. Remote Sens. Environ., 96, 315-327.
DeSeve, D., Bernier, M., Fortin, J.P. and Walker, A., 1997: Preliminary analysis of snow microwave radiometry using the SSM/I passive-microwave data. The case of La Grande River watershed (Quebec). Ann. Glaciol., 25, 353-361.
England, A.W., 1975: Thermal microwave Emission from a Scattering Layer. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 4484-4496.
Foster, J.L., Chang, A.T.C. and Hall, D.K., 1997: Comparison of Snow Mass Estimates from a Prototype Passive Microwave Snow Algorithm, a Revised Algorithm and a Snow Depth Climatology. Remote Sens. Environ., 62, 132-142.
Foster, J.L., Sun, C., Walker, J.P., Kelly, R.E.J., Chang, A.T.C, Dong, D. and Powell, H., 2005: Quantifying the uncertainty in passive microwave snow water equivalent observations. Remote Sens. Environ., 94, 187-203.
Graf, T., Koike, T., Li, X., Hirai, M. and Tsutsui, H, 2006: Assimilating Passive Microwave Brightness Temperature Data into a Land Surface Model to Improve Predictability of Snow Properties. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, (submitted).
Grippa, M., Mognard, N., Toan, T.L. and Josberger, E. G., 2004: SiBeria snow depth climatology derived from SSM/I data using a combined dynamic and static algorithm. Remote Sens. Environ., 93, 30-41.
Grody, N.C. and Basist, A.N., 1996: Global identification of snowcover using SSM/I measurements. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34, 237-249.
Guo, J., Tsang, L. Josberger, E., Hwang, J-N., 2002: Mapping the spatial Distribution and Time Evolution of Snow Water Equivalent with Passive Microwave Measurements. Proc. IGARSS2002, 1, 454- 456.
Guo, J., Tsang, L., Josberger, E. and Hwang, J-N., 2003: Mapping the spatial distribution and time evolution of snow water equivalent with passive microwave measurements. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 612-621.
Hahn,D.G. and Shukla J., 1976: An apparent relationship between Eurasian snow cover and Indian monsoon rainfall. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2461-2462.
Hall, D.K., Foster, J.L. and Chang, A.T.C., 1982: Measurement and modeling of emission from forested snow fields in Michigan. Nord. Hydrol., 13, 129-138.
Hallikainen, M.T. and Jolma, P.A., 1986: Retrieval of water equivalent of snow cover in Finland by satellite microwave radiometry. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 24, 855-862.
Jordan, R., 1991: A one-dimensional temperature model for a snow cover. Technical documentation for SNTHERM. 89. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, CRREL Special Report, 64, 91-16.
Josberger, E.G. and Mognard, N.M., 2002: A passive microwave snow depth algorithm with a proxy for snow metamorphism. Hydrol. Process, 16, 1557-1568.
Kelly, R.E.J., Chang, A.T.C., Tsang, L. and Chen, C.T., 2002: Parameterization of snowpack grain size for global satellite microwave estimates of snow depth. Proc. IGARSS2002, 1, 686-688.
Kelly, R.E.J., Chang, A.T.C., Tsang, L. and Foster, J. L., 2003: A Prototype AMSR-E Global Snow Area and Snow Depth Algorithm. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 230-242.
Koike, T. and Suhama, T., 1993: Passive-microwave remote sensing of snow. Ann.Glaciol., 18, 305-308.
Kruopis, N., Koskinen, J., Praks, J., Arslan, A.N., Alasaalmi, H. and Hallikainen, M., 1998: Investigation of passive microwave signatures over snowcovered forest areas. Proc. IGARSS1998, 1544-1546.
Künzi, K.F., Patil, S. and Rott, H., 1982: Snow-cover parameters retrieved from Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 20, 452-467.
Liu, G., 1998: A fast and accurate model for microwave radiance calculations. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 76,335-343.
Loveland, T.R., Reed, B.C., Brown, J.F., Ohlen, D. O., Zhu, J., Yang, L. and Merchant, J.W., 2000: Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP discover from 1-km AVHRR Data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 21, 1303-1330.
Mätzler, C., 1987: Applications of the interaction of micro-waves with the natural snow cover. Remote Sens. Rev., 2, 259-391.
Mätzler, C., 1994: Passive microwave signatures of landscapes in winter. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 54, 241-260.
Robinson, D.A., 1993: Monitoring northern hemisphere snow cover. Snow Watch'92, Detection Strategies for Snow and Ice, Glaciological Data GD-25, 1-25.
Robinson, D.A. and Kukla, G., 1985: Maximum surface albedo of seasonally snow covered lands in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 402-411.
Robinson, D.A., Dewey, K.F. and Heim, R.R., 1993: Global snow cover monitoring. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 1689-1696.
Rott, H. and Aschbacher, J., 1989: On the use of satellite microwave radiometers for large scale hydrology. Proc. IASH 3rd Int. Assembly on Remote Sensing and Large Scale Global Processes, Baltimore, 21-30.
Sellers, P.J., Mintz, Y., Sud, Y.C. and Dalcher, A., 1986: A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 505-531.
Sturm, M. and Benson, C.S., 1997: Vapor transport, grain growth and depth hoar development in the sub-Arctic snow, J. Glaciol., 43,42-59.
Sturm, M., Holmgren, J. and Liston, G.E., 1995: A seasonal snow cover classification system for local to global applications. J. Climate, 8, 1261-1283.
Sun, C.Y, Neale, C.M.U. and McDonnell, J.J., 1996: Snow wetness estimates of vegetated terrain from satellite passive microwave data. Hydrol. Process, 10, 1619-1628.
Tait, A. and Armstrong, R., 1996: Evaluation of SMMR satellite-derived snow depth using groundbased measurements. Int. J. Remote Sens., 17, 657-665.
Tedesco, M., Pulliainen, J., Takala, M., Hallikainen, M., Pampaloni, P., 2004: Artificial neural networkbased techniques for the retrieval of SWE and snow depth from SSM/I data. Remote Sens. Environ., 90, 76-85.
Tsang, L. and Kong, J.A., 1980: Multiple scattering of electromagnetic waves by random distribution of discrete scatterers with coherent potential and quantum mechanical formalism. J. Appl. Phys., 51, 3465-3485.
Tsang, L. and Kong, J.A., 1992: Scattering of electromagnetic waves from a dense medium consisting of correlated Mie scatterers with size distributions and applications to dry snow. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 6, 265-286.
Tsang, L., Chen, C.T., Chang, A.T.C., Guo, J.J. and Ting, K.H., 2000: Dense media radiative transfer theory based on quasicrystalline approximation with applications to passive remote sensing of snow. Radio Sci., 35, 731-749.
Ulaby, F.T. and Jedlica, R.P., 1984: Microwave dielectric properties if plant materials. IEEE Trans.Geosci. Remote Sens., 22, 406-414.
Walker, A.E., Goodison, B.E., 1993: Discrimination of wet snow cover using passive microwave satellite data. Ann. Glaciol., 17, 307-311.
Walker, A.E. and Goodison, B.E., 2000: Challenges in Determining Snow Water Equivalent Over Canada using Microwave Radiometry. Proc. IGARSS 2000, 4, 1551-1554.
Walsh, J. E., 1995: Long-term observations for monitoring of the cryosphere. Climatic Change, 31, 369-394.
Wilson, L., Tsang, L., Hwang, J-H. and Chen, C-T., 1999: Mapping snow water equivalent in mountainous areas by combining a spatially distributed snow hydrology model with passive microwave remote sensing data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 37, 690-704.
Yasunari, T. and Seki. Y., 1992: Role of Asian monsoon on the inter-annual variability of the global climate system. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 177-189.

抄録

地球上の積雪は,気候メモリーやテレコネクション(遠隔結合)を介し,全球規模の水循環変動,ひいては気候変動へ影響を与えている.その影響を理解するためには,全球規模で時空間的な連続性を保ちながら積雪を定量的に計測する必要がある.その手段として,現在,比較的,天候に左右され難い人工衛星を活用した受動型マイクロ波リモートセンシング技術が広く普及している.本論文では,受動型マイクロ波リモートセンシング技術の中核をなし,また,これまで多くの研究者により積雪を評価する上で生ずる様々な問題に直面しながらも,改善を繰り返し開発され続けている積雪水量(snow water equivalent; SWE),あるいは積雪深を推定するための積雪衛星アルゴリズムの発展について記述する.また最近の受動型マイクロ波リモートセンシング技術の動向として,積雪衛星アルゴリズムに代わり,注目されている積雪を対象とした陸面データ同化手法の研究事例を紹介する.

責任著者(Corresponding author)

訂正情報

J-STAGEへの登録はこちら（無料）