社会主義文化における非行少年へのまなざし

「雪どけ」期のポーランド映画における「ちんぴら」像の検討から

抄録

　The consideration of “youth” and “delinquency” as specific phenomena emerged withthe development of modernity in Western societies. However, there are few studiesof youth in the socialist societies of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.Therefore, this paper focuses on Polish films (especially documentary films) around 1956that deal with the problem of “hooligans” (chuligani).　In the era of Stalinism in Poland (1949-1955), hooliganism was one of the most seriousproblems in Polish society, but until the “Thaw” it had not been addressed directly. Inofficial propaganda, it was said that hooliganism should not occur in a society that is“building socialism.” If it appeared, it might be a “relic” of pre-War capitalist Poland, ormight result from the bad influence of “enemies” from the outside, especially “Americanculture.” It was never treated as a social problem inherent to the People’s Republic ofPoland.　The perception of “hooligans” dramatically changed in 1956, however, when Polandunderwent a great socio-cultural transformation, the so-called “Polish October.” As aresult of this social change, hooliganism attracted a lot of attention in public discourse,especially in documentary films.　From an analysis of the images of hooligans in these films, it becomes clear that therewere two opposing perceptions of youth in Polish society. In one, youth were treated as“authentic” and “precious,” because they appeared to be free from any of the meanings ofStalinist propaganda’s “cliché” (drętwa mowa). In the other, hooligans were perceived suchthat there was a certain re-assimilation of the youth in the existing system, constructinga network of discourse and power around the “Truth” which is to be found hidden in theyouth.