The Effects of Nanoparticles on Nerve Cell Differentiation and Its Mechanisms for Human Health Risk Analysis

Abstract

Neurodevelopment is one of the most complex events in human growth and is very sensitive to disruption. Various genetic factors are the main causes of neuronal dysfunction; however, recent epidemiological studies have also revealed relationships between environmental factors and the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders. Humans are regularly exposed to a wide range of environmental factors, among which fine particles have attracted recent interest. In this regards, the development of products containing nanomaterials has expanded substantially in a wide variety of fields including medicine, food, and cosmetics. As the size of the particles in these nanomaterials decreases, their reactivity at the tissue interface and their tissue penetration increases. In addition, the reduction of particle size could alter kinetics and lead to unexpected biological effects compared with those seen with conventional materials. Thus, we need to identify potential sources of unpredictable adverse effects of nanomaterials on neurodevelopment to ensure their safe use. From this perspective, nano-safety science research has been conducted through the collection of toxicity information on nanoparticles based on their physicochemical properties and kinetics via the association analysis of physicochemical properties, kinetics, and toxicity. The results of this nano-safety science research were then used in nano-safety design research to develop safer forms of nanomaterials. In this paper, we introduce findings that demonstrate that nanomaterials translocate into the brain and describe the effects on cranial nerves.