This study was made in 1959 to clarify the effect of strong wind before the flowering stage upon the morphological character and the physiological function of the reproductive organs of rice plant. Norin 35 of paddy rice, grown in square pots, were used for this purpose. The plants were exposed to an artificial wind with varying velocities (9, 12, and 15 metres per second)for five hours on different days (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days before flowering) as shown in Table 1.
1. Strong wind at 15 days before flowering resulted in abnormal anthers of smaller than the standard anther or of irregular form (Figure 1 and Table 2). The time of this treatment seemed to be the iniation or early developing stage of anthers and it is a little earlier than the sensitive stage when the tapatum cells of anther occur in the case of cool air and cold water treatments which had been reported by Sakai (1937 and 1947) and Shimazaki (1949).
2. Abortive pollens also were the result when plants were exposed to wind at 15 days before flowering, especially at 15 metres per second as shown in Table 2. But the abortive pollens were comparatively less than the values which were imaginated from both of atrophied spikelets (Tsuboi and Hitaka; 1962) and abnormal anthers.
3. Regarding pollination and germination of pollen grains in spikelets which bloomed under normal conditions, as in the case of plants used as standard, significant differences were not found between those of treated and untreated plants (Table 3).
4. During the few days following the wind treatments, many spikelets were found to have accelerated blooming as an after effect of the treatments (Table 4), and such spikelets did not at all receive pollen grains or received only very few pollen grains on the stigmas, thereby resulting sterile kernels (Table 5). However, the pollination and pollen germination in the spikelets which bloomed at the normal times did not differ so much from those of standard plants.
5. Wind treatments before the heading or flowering stage resulted in the occurrence of discoloured dead and empty grains and in the reduction of the proportion in the formation of complete grains.
The most harmful effect on ripening was recognized when the spikelets were exposed to wind just at the flowering date, as reported already by many investigators Matsuo (1942), Togari (1940), Tsuboi and Hitaka (1958) and etc. (Table 6).
6. The colour of the glumes changed from normal to brown or grey when the plants were exposed to strong winds at the flowering stage, because the spikelets received physical bruises or rubs and physiological dessication by the wind treatments. The grains in discoloured glumes became coloured under the drying conditions caused by the kernels not being locked perfectly by the inner and outer glumes, as suggested by Tsuboi (1961) and may be easily attacked by fungus as reported by Matsuo (1942). Influence of discoloured glumes on the occurrence of coloured grains was about 3.5 times larger in the case of discoloured grey than in the case of discoloured brown (Table 7).

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In 1959 and 1960, the experiments were carried out to make clear the characteristic growth of rice plants in high lands Surige (Hiraga town level 350m) and Utarube (Towada town level 400m), and in seaside Shimooguni (Kanita town) and Itikawa (Hatinohe city) where the north-easterlies named “Yamase wind” prevailed, comparing with inland districts (Kuroishi and Fujisaka) in Aomori Prefecture. In order to investigate the effect of meteorological conditions on the late developmental stage of rice plants, the plants planted in pots were removed between inner districts and high lands or seaside region mutually on determined dates.
Results obtained are as follows:
(1) In the high lands and seaside region, the growth of early developmental stage of rice plants was inferior to inner districts and the heading was dates were retarded.
(2) The safety time for the heading was longer in inner districts than in high lands and in seaside region (See Fig. 2)
(3) Main characteristics in growth of rice plants varied by exchanging the places, naimely the meteorological conditions in late stage of the growth.

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In this paper some preliminary remarks have been presented on the characteristics of turbulence within plant communities most influencing the exchange of physical quantities (energy and substance) between plant leaves and a surrounding air layer.
Under the assumption that turbulent theories adopted for studies of an atmospheric surfac e layer are applicable as for the study of turbulent characteristics in plant layers (z≤H), we have
l(z)=κ·z·(1-d/H)
K(z)=κ·V_*(z)·z(1-d/H)
V_*(z)=V_*(H)K(z)/K(H)·H/z Z≤H
τ(z)=ρ{V_*(H)K(z)/K(H)·H/z}²
where l, K, V_*, τ denote the scale of turbulent eddy, the turbulent eddy, the turbulent diffusivity, the frictional velocity and the shearing stress within plant communities, respectively. κ=0.4, H, d, ρ are the Karman constant, the mean tip height of plants, the zeroplane displacement and to density of the air, respectively.
Fig. 1 shows schematically the difference in turbulent characteristics between plant layers and the atmospheric surface layer. These differences are due mainly to the difference of the turbulent scale-height function between two layers. The scale of turbulent eddy within plant layers is affected not only by the height above ground surface but also by the plant density.
In order to examine the applicability of the theoretical results to plant layers, these results have been applied to the micrometeorological data for the fir forest, paddy field and wheat field obtained by BAUMGARTNER (1956), FRANCESCHINI (1959) and PENMAN. LONG (1960), respectively. The obtained results are summarized as follows:
The proportinal constant β governing the dependence of eddy scale on the height above ground surface is expressed in terms of quantities such as Karman constant κ and plant layer's constant γ.
β=κ·γ, γ=(1-d/H)
And it is expected reasonably that the plant layer's constants may vary in proportion to the zeroplane displacement in a range between the following limits
γ=1.0 at d/H→0,
γ=0.0 at d/H→1.
The comparison of the plant layer's constant evaluated by Eqs. (5), (10) for three kinds of the plant community is shown in Fig. 2, indicating that the theoretical results mentioned above may be applicable to studying the turbulent features within plant layers.
When the dependence of the turbulent diffusivity on the height is assumed to be as follows:
K(z)/K(H)∝(z/H)^a
a value of power index (a) more than a unity indicates that the momentum flux diminishes with distance to downward from a reference height, namely is absorbed with plant leaves. Fig. 4 shows there is the same pattern in vertical profile among wind velocity, turbulent diffusivity, shearing stress within plant layers. These profiles are similar to those for a turbulent velocity (‹u'²›^1/2) reported by WATERHOUSE (1955), NAKAGAWA (1956), respectively. As shown in Fig. 5, a good agreement of momentum fluxes evaluated by the two methods makes it clear that Eq. (9) can be applied with a little error for evaluating the vertical profiles of the momentum flux and the frictional velocity most controlling the turbulent diffusivity within plant layers. Fig. 6 indicates that the decrease of the momentum flux within plant layers becomes steeper with an increase of the wind velocity in above the air layer, as expected by PENMAN. LONG (1960).
The experimental results have shown that the theoretical relations can be applied qualitatively to understand the turbulent characteristics in plant layers. However, it is highly desirable to carry out further investigations both theoretically and experimentally concerning the problem whether the theoretical

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Bowen's ratio represents the ratio of sensible heat (H) to latent heat (LE) between the air layer and the underlying water or ground surface, which is calculated as follows:
r=H/LE≅{0.64θ_w-θ_a/e(θ_w)-e_a (°C, mb) 0.5θ_w-θ_a/e(θ_w)-e_a (°C, mmHg)
It gives the useful method to the heat or water budget studies of the earth's surface, and the evaluation of this ratio for the oceans had been made by Jacobs or Sverdrup, but exact knowledges of the values for inland waters had not been obtained because of the lack of basic hydrological data. In this paper, the author intends to make clear the seasonal and regional variations of Bowen's ratio for the four kinds of water body (1. Lake and reservoir, 2. Middle and lower reaches of river, 3. Coastal sea, 4. Ground water), by making use of the miscellaneous water temperature data. The data were collected from the publications of Meteorological Agency, Agricultural Ministery, Yoshimura's and Torii's reports and others.
Calculations of the ratio were made by using the monthly mean air and water temperatures. Characteristics in the distribution of Bowen's ratio may be summerized as follows:
1. Lake and Reservoir (Fig. 2 a-b)
Bowen's ratio shows the clear annual variation with large in the winter and small value in the summer season. The range of the annual variation is wider in the northern part than in the southwest part of Japan. In Hokkaido, it takes negative value in early summer, corresponding to the relations of θ_w<θ_a and e(θ_w)>e_a. During mid-summer the ratio lies between 0.15 and 0.2 in all districts of Japan.
2. River (Fig. 2 c-h)
The values for the river water temperature show larger annual variations than the previous one, especially they are remarkable in the northern Japan and the coast of Japan Sea. Because these regions are covered by deep snows in winter and their rivers discharge the snow-melting water in spring season, the temperature of the rivers deos not rise so high as on the Pacific Coast. They vary greatly from place to place and time to time, so it is hard to explain them in brief.
3. Coastal Sea (Fig. 2 i-n)
The ratio for the coastal sea water shows nearly the same magnitude as those of lakes and reservoirs discussed above. In winter they indicate the values between 0.5 and 1.0 and in summer 0.1 and 0.15. In the northern part of Pacific coast (East coast of Hokkaido and off the coast of Sanriku) negative values are indicated in spring and early summer.
4. Ground water
In this report, ground water temperature of a place is considered to be nearly equal to the mean annual air temperature of the place. The range of the annual variation of the ratio is wider in the northern Japan. In early summer, negative values are shown all over Japan.
In the practical application of Bowen's ratio, it is desirable to express it in easily observable terms such as θ_w, θ_a or Δθ. As shown in Fig. 4. a relation similar to the saturated vapor pressure-temperature curve is obtained between vapor pressure and temperature of air. It is expected from the relation shown in Fig. 4 that Bowen's ratio depends closely upon the difference between water and air temperatures. This relation is shown in Fig. 5, and by using the the monthly mean water and air temperatures Bowen's ratio for each kind of water body at each region in Japan is evaluated from the graph.

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Writer has made studies about the effect of sunspot number on the yealds of paddy field rice at Suwa Region, Nagano Pref., using data for 271 years from 1690 to 1960. And following results were obtained.
(1) Bad harvests of ten take place at about several years off and on when the sunspot numbers are minima in her 11-year period. On the contrary good harvests at the years when they are maxima (Fig. 1).
This tendency is seen when we use the absolute minima number of sunspots, that is, in many cases harvests of paddy rice are bad at the years when the absolute numbers of sunspots less than 40 (Table-2).
(2) Years in which the annual mean temperature are less than the normal value, are correspond ing to years when the sunspot number are less than about 40 (Fig-2). And this fact is more notable in summer, but in winter is little (Fig-3 and 4). The same tendency is seen in the summer duration of sunshine, too (Fig-6).
(3) Hot summers next to hot winters are frequently seen in the time when sunspot numerous, and cold summers next to cold winter are seen when they are small.

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