Lichens of Mugikusa Pass and the adjacent areas in Kita-Yatsugatake Mountains, central Japan, were surveyed from 2011 to 2018. As the result of taxonomic examinations of 390 out of 442 specimens, 146 taxa (145 species 1 subspecies 1 variety) in 64 genera were recognized. The 141 ITS rDNA sequences were successfully obtained from 84 species. Among them, Menegazzia caviisidia and Usnea longissima are known as the species of “Near Threatened (NT)” category in the Red List 2020 of Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan; Baeomyces carneus and Cetrelia cetrarioides were insufficiently understood in Japan; and Peltigera neopolydactyla and Rhizocarpon hochstetteri are species requiring further taxonomic examination. These species were discussed in detail in the species list.

Reimersia inconspicua (Griff.) P.C.Chen known from China, Taiwan, India, Nepal and the Philippines is newly reported from Myanmar. Based on the Myanmar material, a morphological description, illustrations and ecological information are provided. The species is characterized by stems showing a triangular cross section, with trifarious leaves; sheathing leaf base with a series of elongate cells adjacent to the shoulder margins, shorter and wider cells in the juxtacostal region; and distantly dentate upper leaf margins. The phylogenetic relationship within the genus Reimersia is inferred based on nuclear ITS sequences. The genus was resolved in the clade corresponding to the tribe Pleuroweisieae (Pottiaceae), while the two Reimersia species are not resolved as a sister relationship. This suggests that the unique morphological characters circumscribing the genus have originated from convergent evolution.

A new species of the genus Alpinia subgenus Alpinia subsection Catimbium (Zingiberaceae), A. nelumboides is described from Laos and Vietnam. It is morphologically most similar to A. kwangsiensis, but distinguished by its large pinkish bracteoles, shorter petioles, entire margin of labellum, and larger pubescent ovoid fruits.

We conducted phylogenetic analyses using multiplexed inter simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq) to clarify the phylogenetic relationship among populations of Portulaca okinawensis var. okinawensis and P. okinawensis var. amamiensis. The analyses supported the monophyly of the two varieties. For P. okinawensis var. okinawensis distributed in the Okinawa island group, our results suggest that the phylogenetic separation of plants collected in Tonaki Island from those collected in other islands might be a result of the geographic isolation between Tonaki Island and other islands. With respect to P. okinawensis var. amamiensis distributed in the Amami island group, plants collected in western Amami Island were phylogenetically separated from those collected in the north part of Amami Island and the remaining islands. This phylogenetic separation may suggest some sort of environmental factors that isolate the former area from the others, that looks consistent with the presence of several relictual deciduous tree species in the western part as a refugium.