Objectives
To reveal the characteristics of regional culture-based care by investigating the approach, intention, and assessment of care for older adults requiring long-term care.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 caregivers working at facilities (providing treatment care or support) in City A, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Data on the actual provision of regional culture-based care were extracted, and care content sheets were prepared for individual caregivers to summarize their approach, intention, and assessment of care. Data relating to the approach, intention, and assessment of care were analyzed qualitatively and empirically and core categories were created for each of these care areas to express how regional culture was involved in care.
Results
Core categories for intention of regional culture-based care were “supporting regional cultural values,” “merging fun elements of regional culture and care,” “increasing empathy with regional culture and a sense of coherence,” and “creating care based on regional culture.” Those for approaches were “regional culture-based care in response to needs,” “regional culture-based care that can be used,” “regional culture-based care that can be used and is long lasting,” and “regional culture-based care for further development.” Finally, those for assessment were “satisfaction with regional culture-based care,” “trust and recognition of regional culture-based care,” “understanding and consideration of reconciliation with regional culture-based care,” and “emotion and pride concerning the cooperative development of regional culture-based care.”
Conclusion
Actual content of care was determined for older adults requiring long-term care. This revealed that regional culture-based care for this population may be characterized by a cycle, where “care intention” is the basis for “care approach”, which is the basis for “care assessment”, then new “care intention” is conducted again to continue the cycle.

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Background and purpose
In China, the reduction in family size due to the trend toward nuclear families, along with changes in the present medical treatment model and so on, has made it desirable for development of family nursing. The purpose of this study was to review literature related to family nursing in China so as to clarify the current status of family nursing.
Methods
The “National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),” a comprehensive database in China, was utilized with the key search term jiating huli (family nursing) to seek articles dated from 2014 to 2018. Out of 732 papers, analysis was performed on 27 related to family nursing. The papers were arranged according to Garrard’s matrix method, and reviewed.
Results
No differences were observed in the number of papers issued per year, but papers related to pediatric nursing were numerous (39.1%). In terms of design of the research, intervention studies accounted for 52.2%. Of the four approaches to family nursing according to Kaakinen et al, the greatest number of papers (69.6%) involved “individual is foreground and the family is background.” With regard to the current status of family nursing, four systems were clarified: “government system”; “medical system”; “social organizations system”; and “family internal system.”
Discussion
Limited literature exists concerning family nursing in China, and from the majority of works that adopt the perspective that “individual is foreground and the family is background,” it is evident that further development of family nursing in China is necessary. To achieve this development, it is believed support will be needed from the government, medical institutions and social organizations.

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Purpose
The purpose of this study was to reveal Chinese mothers’ experiences, attitudes, and beliefs in their Japanese life during their first 4 months after childbirth.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 2 Chinese mothers who were rearing their children in Japan. They talked about their experiences and feelings through freely. Additionally, I researched about their own wearing period to 2 mothers of a participant,and analyzed by case study method.
Results
One Chinese mother got a lot of help from her husband and mother, then she could apply to her childcare. She also utilized a number of formal and informal supports, and information sources are rich. The other could not obtain enough cooperation from her Japanese family after childbirth and had an influence on her emotion. She was spending her childcare life with lack of consensus with her Japanese husband, moreover she had no person asked for advice.
Both of Chinese mothers hoped breastfeeding from the stage of pregnancy, they consider meals and warming their body. Then, they realized exclusive breastfeeding until 1 month after childbirth. And they had difficulties, felt anxious about bathing after 1 month year old, and the child’s acquisition of languages.
Discussion
Chinese mothers had individually difficulties and felt anxious during 4 months after childbirth, in spite of the domestic help characterized in Chinese culture was available or not. This study suggested that it is necessary for midwives to keep in mind that Chinese own culture of birth and childcare, and predict difficulties and anxieties of Chinese mothers rearing in the different culture, advise about information and supports at an appropriate time, and prevent isolation of mothers.

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