The Jakarta’s 2005 bylaw on air pollution control, stipulates that all private car owners must get their vehicles’ emission tested twice a year. The vehicle owners will be given a certificate, as a requirement to extend the vehicle’s registration. This paper describes an initial analysis of vehicle characteristics which influence to emission testing results. Analysis was done by using On-road emission measurements at nine major roads in Jakarta city and its surrounding cities. We apply bivariate probit model for the likelihood of CO and HC emission violations given a set of vehicle characteristics. The vehicle age, non-sedan, fuel type, carburetor and lambda all play a significant role in determining the probability of emission test failure. However, we didn’t find a significant effect of engine size on HC emission test failure. The results of study can be used as a preliminary review of the implementation of new regulation in Jakarta city

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This paper suggests a method in forecasting international tourism demand. The forecasting model has two stages of estimation. First stage is the “International Trip Generation”. We explained this by using a logistic curve. Second, we proceed to find out the travel destination by using the aggregate logit model. Results for the forecast of tourists coming to Japan led to two main conclusions. 1) The number of tourists from every Asian country shows a growing tendency until 2030. 2) Moreover, the rate of tourist visiting Japan will decrease gradually compared to other regions such as North America where the rate is steadily increasing

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Market forces and/or planned intervention in many metropolitan areas are transferring urban form from mono-centric to more dispersed or, poly-centric structure where firms cluster outside city center and where location and trip patterns tend to vary amongst cities. As study area, distribution of employment, and related commuting and residential location preferences in Tokyo metropolitan area have been investigated by grouping zones into four tiers and analyzing associated trip lengths, mode shares employment destination zonal preference functions. Tokyo contributes to poly-centric city work (with huge literature on North America) by its extensive railways that mainly characterize urban dynamics. Results confirm that despite relatively higher decentralization between 1960s and mid of 1980s, Tokyo central area or highest ranked zones are accommodating half of total employment stock but jobs agglomerations have evidently evolved nearby major rail stations generating stable trip times over time and uniform mode shares over metropolitan area.

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The paper describes the methodology that underpins an EASTS International Collaborative Research Activity (ICRA) on the dynamics of poly-centric employment formation and associated land-use and transport policies. The selection of metropolitan case studies is explained. The general forces that have lead to the decentralization employment from predominantly mono-centric city structures to poly-centric nodal structures or to dispersed employment patterns are outlined. Planning represents a market intervention and the methodology of the comparison of urban policy is presented. Indicative results are presented for ten cities from Asia and Australia. A critical commentary is made on the barriers to implementing major employment centres embedded in spatial plans. The conclusions deal with first evaluation and discuss further research into policy analysis on this EASTS IRCA.

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Modeling for the transport disadvantaged (TD) is relatively new subject since the 2000’s. The study aimed to discuss the simulation results of what the required transportation needs would be when also presumed suppressed demand of the TD are added. The underlying assumption is that the travel conditions of those TD groups must be equated to the “normal” demand, called full release. Based on the modeling approach for the TD, this task of equity could be realized elaborating special case of the elderly and disabled groups with some interesting results such as slightly increased costs, traffic and congestion, knowing also their locations. As of early virtual results, it is concluded that, for full release of suppressed trips (about 5%), local governments must be ready for extra financial burdens, which require a coordination effort both to standardize the TD and to reduce incurring costs on the operators.

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Factors influencing poly-centric employment formation in metropolitan regions are identified and explained. Less is known about the dynamics of change in cities of the developing world so a comparative study was proposed that was successfully funded by EASTS International Collaborative Research Activity (ICRA). A common analytical framework is outlined. This paper presents preliminary empirical findings for rank-size distributions of employment and for employment specific preference functions for the journey from work to home. Comparative findings are presented and interpreted for Bangkok, Canberra, Dalian, Delhi, Istanbul, Sapporo, Sydney, and Tokyo. Directions for on-going research are outlined.

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Population aging and population decline, coupled with a saturation of the Japanese economy and declining fiscal revenue to maintain the existing infrastructure, pose particular problems in suburban areas. A new planning philosophy based on planned-retreat and planned re-concentration is described. To evaluate and identify suitable land areas, a tool for planning decision is provided. In this paper, the previously proposed framework (Kachi et al, 2005) is applied in order to identify the planned retreat and re-concentration areas with the index for social cost effectiveness of Quality of Life (QOL) derived from the given maximization problem. The case study of a rural small-sized city in Japan shows that the clustered urban spatial configuration is appropriate in terms of social cost effectiveness of QOL, although QOL in the suburban areas is higher than that of in the city center.

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This paper aims to evaluate environmental efficiency of transportation systems by integrating a multiple-output stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model with a structural equation model (SEM) to flexibly incorporate cause-effect relationships among various factors influencing traffic emissions. The SEM is firstly specified to illustrate such complex interrelations and the calculated latent variables are taken as the inputs to SFA model. A SFA model, named the distance function approach which can accommodate multiple inputs and multiple outputs, is adopted to calculate efficiency scores in transport sectors at different cities. To examine the model performance, an empirical study is carried out considering three types of emissions, i.e., CO, VHC and NO_x, based on the Millennium Cities Database. The effectiveness of the proposed model is confirmed. Efficiencies in transport sectors are compared and it is found that cities in developed countries do not consistently show higher efficiency than other developing cities.

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This study attempts to develop a macro-level car ownership model using a bi-level optimization modeling approach. The upper level of the bi-level model deals with a maximum problem of zonal car ownership. Objective function is the total zonal car ownership and the constraints are the legalized standard of air quality and the frontier emissions estimated using a stochastic frontier analysis approach. The lower level is a user equilibrium assignment model. Pollutant concentrations are estimated using an artificial neural network model. The interdependencies of car ownership, traffic flow, and the emissions and pollutant concentrations are logically represented based on an iterated optimization process. The final optimized car ownership can be used as a benchmark of realizing environmentally sustainable transportation systems. Based on the data collected in Dalian, China and the Millennium Cities Database, the effectiveness of the proposed car ownership model was empirically confirmed.

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Redevelopment of the port city waterfront has created high-profile cases around the world. Authorities are facing challenges of linking port and urban functions, maximizing utilities of available port city resources, and creating a built environment best for all relevant stakeholders. It is argued that for all parties to truly benefit from the redevelopment, the government should approach the planning systematically in a top-down and comprehensive manner. By dividing into functional developmental parcels on the waterfront, the development is held responsible by various participants. This paper investigates waterfront redevelopment from the perspective of socioeconomic trend. From the concept of Alvin Toffler’s waves, three value-added stages and their six categories of waterfront development are identified. Comparison of waterfront redevelopments in various economic regions with distinctive incentives and contents are discussed. Waterfront functions and institutions are finally examined in relevance of planning issue.

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A city has a very complex transportation network. It is very hard for city planners to evaluate it in both micro scale and macro scale and so far most of these works have been done empirically. In this study a new method named Distributive Continuous Fractal Analysis will be introduced to evaluate the road networks. Previous researches treat a city as a whole and did fractal analyses between cities. This study tries to treat a city as distributive continuous space and deploys the fractal analysis on every piece of space. With the power of high end computer and GIS platform this analysis can be done in few hours and shows the results to the planners visually. Comparing with the other subsystems will make the policy maker or planner see the detailed situations of a city more clearly and intuitively and they can easily make some decisions or predictions.

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Public involvement (PI) has recently been adopted in planning process of transportation infrastructure development in Japan, which increased communication with the public. However, PI communication still remains one-way and limited, whose process does not effectively prevent public disputes. This study defines such PI as conventional PI, and proposes more effective PI, defined as substantive PI. It points out that conventional PI has problems of procedural justice and creates causes of disputes due to concerns about plans’ potential adverse impact. It also discusses importance of process-control to improve procedural justice and effectiveness of creative problem-solving methods to provide a win-win settlement through interest-based communication in negotiation theory. It further analyzes policies to alleviate the impact in welfare economic perspective, and indicates possibility of mitigation policies to relieve external cost and increase social surplus. Finally, it proposes requirements for substantive PI, which effectively prevents public disputes based on prior analyses.

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This paper examines the prospect of using interest-based negotiation for public participation in designing traffic safety improvement plans. Through participatory observation of experimental deliberative processes for improving safety at the Kita-Josanjima Intersection in Tokushima, Japan, we examined its effectiveness in satisfying differing interests of its neighbors and users. Even though the experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of using consensus building techniques in such dialogues, it also revealed challenges in identifying and involving appropriate stakeholders, as well as in managing their relationship. It also suggests the need for adaptations in using “imported” planning tools due to cultural and institutional differences.

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Many large cities in the world including Bangkok are now moving toward multi-centric structure in order to tackle with urban problems such as car dependency, traffic congestion, suburbanization, environmental degradation, etc. However, they have achieved at different stage at different pace. Exploring the city structure and its dynamics provides insight on how to go from now. The present paper presents an analysis of urban structure dynamics of Bangkok Metropolitan by considering employment clustering and commuting pattern in the city based on an analytical framework. It is found that Bangkok is in the early stage of polycentric development. However, some locations have high potential to form employment centers, either urban or suburban sub-centers. In addition, classical transportation indicators show that area with good public transport service will be stimulated in forming sub-center by shorter travel time and distance.

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In local cities, it is important to improve bus service level in order to keep the number of passengers and to maintain bus routes since there is no other public transportation system operated except bus. Our research focuses on the punctuality, which is one of the most important factors to determine the level of bus service. Improvement of the punctuality of bus service does not provide benefits only to bus users but also to bus operators. For example, improving of the bus service level will increases number of passengers and, in the meantime, decreases the expense to bus operator because of reducing the bus waiting time at terminals. Our survey was conducted in Nagaoka city, Niigata to study the behavior of passengers coming to bus stops and to analyze the operation costs of bus operator. In addition, we estimate the benefits on both bus passengers and bus operator when the punctuality of bus service has been improved.

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There have been some debates on the effectiveness and efficiency of busway or bus priority implementation since its undertakings in 2004. Questions have been raised regarding its traffic and related environmental impacts, especially to corridor Sudirman-Thamrin. Inherently implementation of busway has occupied one dedicated lane for each direction out of the existing three higher speed lanes and two slower speed lanes. This occupation has, of course, worsened the traffic performance during peak hours, and as can be expected that the impact would cause traffic congestions to some road segments in the periphery at network level as well. Quite recently local government has intention to gain back the existing road capacity at the corridor through the cutting of some road separator between the slower and higher speed lanes, and replace one additional lane upon at the higher speed lanes to alleviate tremendous traffic congestion. To justify such capacity gains study is made to consider merits and demerits regarding the traffic impact and its environmental consequences such as fuel consumption, and CO or NO emissions. Although it is a corridor level implementation, study uses a network level assignment to estimate the changes of traffic flows, and it relates the changes with some emission issues for environmental aspects. Results have shown that some improvements of traffic measures could be achieved with its emission reduction. It is also noticed that little achievement is hard to gain when corridors are at saturated level.

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The journey time of intercity trains is usually more than hours. The train dispatched at its departure station may not be able to serve the passengers during the same hour at downstream stations. In addition, intercity trains usually consist of various stopping patterns. Consequently, typical method for determining train service plans based on maximum passenger load and train capacity is inapplicable for such systems. For these reasons, this paper develops a mathematical model for generating optimal train service plans for intercity railways, taking into account the dynamics f train movements and the transfer of unserved passengers. This model combines operator’s revenoue, operating cost, and users’ travel-time cost as its objective. The operational requirements are formulated as the constraints. The Taiwan High Speed Rail is taken as an example to test the model. The case study shows that the model is very efficient and is very flexible for different operation strategies.

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Promotion of bicycle use is one of the important policies for environment friendly urban transport. Improvement of cycling Level-Of-Service (LOS) on streets is considered to be an important part of this policy. The aim of this study is to develop a measuring system for the evaluation of level-of-service for bicycles by monitoring cycling behavior using Probe Bicycle System. The Probe Bicycle developed in this study can automatically measure and record position, 3-axis acceleration, speed, and pedaling power by electric sensor and GPS. By employing experiments of measuring perception of cyclists behaviors and their perception towards the conditions on various streets, the relationship between perception and behavior is analyzed. As a result, the author developed the level-of-service index using level of vertical vibration, average speed, variance of speed and average of pedaling power.

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This study empirically analyzed the effects of built environment on active transportation. Twelve latent variables and twenty-seven observed variables were considered in a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. One hundred and forty-seven adults residing in the Xinyi District of Taipei City were enrolled in the study. Calibration results revealed that mixed-use urban areas associated positively with daily life activity but associated negatively with commuting activity. Transit accessibility negatively affected commuting activity, which is contrary to the relationship between accessibility and usage of transit systems observed in previous studies. Further, the neighborhood environmental quality and footways associated positively with daily life activity. The empirical evidence indicates that physical activity in urban areas can be encouraged by land use patterns, transportation services and landscape design.

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ITS is not free of cost. It often requires initial capital investment plus further maintenance and operation cost. From the aspect of business sustainability, this paper reviews the financial feasibility and revenue from investing a taxi fleet with GPS-based dispatching service which is an ITS deployment for CVO. Financial and operation data from current practicing operators are collected and a consumer survey is conducted to unveil both the supply and demand condition. After different scenarios of financial options analyzed, it reveals that a subsidy from government to share the initial capital investment will provide a better chance to sustain such a kind of ITS deployment. In addition, a fleet with at least 400 taxis also renders a better opportunity to have an early break even time and help both operator and taxi drivers to sooner recover their investment.

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Paratransit is used extensively in almost all cities in Indonesia, as well as in many developing cities. The aim of this research is to explore user perceptions of paratransit operation, regarding quality of service, frequency of negative experience, and loyalty using multigroup analysis in SEM (structural equation modeling). As the previous studies by the authors found that the user of paratransit is dominated by the student, then this article intends to elaborate whether the student and non-student group have the same regression weights in the path analysis. The findings illustrate that the regression weights do not differ significantly between student and non-student, which eliminates the doubt of the bias resulted by the domination of one group among other groups. However, the other important finding from this model is the positive relationship between overall satisfaction and loyalty to use this mode in the future.

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Developing countries are nowadays considering exclusive or semi-exclusive transit system implementation. Such systems need to be planned well; attractive to car-owners and affordable to the transit captive users. Therefore, survey becomes essential to grasp preference from all segments of potential users. However, in developing countries, their response for questionnaire survey using hypothetical questions is less reliable because of users’ lack of knowledge about such transit systems and trading-off in hypothetical questions. This study aims to propose a systematic approach for questionnaire design in the contest of developing countries. Two different surveys with hypothesis system (BRT for Sri Lanka) were conducted: (1) System explanation ways of with and without pictures in questionnaire; and, (2) Level of complexity of the hypothetical questions. This study concludes that, in developing countries, questionnaires need to be attentive in questionnaires design. Even if questionnaires are conceptually same, few structural changes affect users’ response considerably.

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This is an original study investigating the obstacles of cycling to school among students in Taiwan, as well as the students’ ability to overcome them. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the students’ information, a descriptive analysis was applied to examine the students’ characteristics, and the Rasch model was applied to analyze the findings. This research discovers that uneven paving, raining day, and impolite drivers are the most difficult items for students cycling to school. This research also realizes that boys, first grade junior high school students, and those who own bicycles in the family and live in a rural area have greater cycling abilities than the others. The overall goal of this research is to suggest a reasonable policy for improving the cycling safety. This research results provide a set of valuable information for the government to look at the issues and to expand the usage of bicycles.

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It these years, the number of children in Japan is decreasing year by year. Therefore, it is important to make a better environment for children. In this paper, interests of children to the sidewalk are analyzed by the photo data taken by the children. It is found that children have favorable impression to the objects that related to their daily life. And also, separating the roadway and pedestrian road, such as restriction of vehicles, planting along the pedestrian road and wider pedestrian road width, is favorable to the children.

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Recently, excessive automobile dependence in local cities in Japan exemplifies the importance to compare the convenience between automobile and public transit. The purpose of this study is to develop a model that takes time of day into consideration in such a way to express bus travel time as a function of departure time. By using this concept, the regions where bus transit is equally competitive with automobile transportation were found based on the travel time standpoint. Moreover, comparing poorly-served area identified using the above model and public transport modal split, we would like to visualize the fluctuation of bus transit service area using GIS, and examine the relationship between bus transit service area and modal choice. In addition, the adaptability of this concept and model is discussed.

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In many modern cities, rail transit services are not financially sustainable without subsidy. However, the situation in Hong Kong is different. It is believed that the high population density provides a suitable environment for the rail transit system to be financially sustainable. In this study, a preliminary analysis on the demand and supply pattern of the rail transit service in Hong Kong was undertaken to shed light on the threshold density below which the rail service cannot be sustainable without subsidy, considering its operations vis-à-vis the competing modes’ fares and services. We investigated the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) line in the new town Tseung Kwan O (TKO) in Hong Kong as a case study.

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Based on the concept of designing humanity-oriented, this paper established an evaluation framework, including four dimensions: traffic smoothness, pedestrian friendliness, comfort of landscape, and space complexity, to assess transforming schemes of major arterial roads in the Taipei metropolitan area and to facilitate decision-making process. By conducting fuzzy-MCDM approach and fuzzy-AHP method to integrate opinions of experts with different expertise into the evaluation framework and further determine the optimal transforming scheme. The evaluation result showed that the two optimal schemes both assign the maximum of adjusted roads to pedestrian space, transform the vehicle-oriented arterial roads into a pedestrian-friendly place, focus on greening the streetscape, and encourage mixed land use. The evaluation framework and the research methods applied in this paper are practical for the related municipal departments to utilize in reviewing transforming plans, thus creating a sustainable city.

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This study investigates the effects of Transit Information Systems (TIS). TIS are wide range of systems that provide travelers information about travel options such as; travel times, delays and/or incidents. In this study, the important transit information types and their service levels are investigated in Izmir City, Turkey. The study focused on the transit users; considered information types for different transit mode segments were identified. In addition, accepted information types for non-transit users to consider transit as an alternative commute mode was investigated. For these purposes, a stated preference scenario was prepared which included the considered important information types of respondents and a function of their actual travel time. In this study, static pre-transit information systems were considered. Results indicated that considered TIS between transit and non-transit users are not much different from each other. However, considered TIS among different transit mode segments is significantly different.

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This study deals with the problems of pedestrian origin-destination (O-D) matrix estimation and activity/destination choice model calibration from pedestrian counts. A bi-level programming model is proposed that integrates the two steps of pedestrian O-D demand matrix updating and pedestrian activity/destination choice model calibration. The lower-level problem is the activity-based user equilibrium assignment model for pedestrian networks with bi-directional flow effects, while the upper-level problem is to estimate the O-D demands together with the calibration of the activity and destination choice model from pedestrian counts. A heuristic solution algorithm is adapted for solving the proposed bi-level programming problem. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the applications of the proposed model and solution algorithm.

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The study provides an efficient procedure for the evaluation of level of service (LOS) on pedestrian environment. Since LOS measuring for pedestrian facilities are not well considered until now. Moreover, the safety and comfortable factors of pedestrian facilities are important for the original pedestrian facilities designing, but fewer researches had concerned about facilities of pedestrian walking environment. We used the general variables on pedestrian walking environment and step-wise to set up the model. First of all, we collect the reliable data about pedestrian walking environment, included lateral clearance, traffic characteristic and pedestrian characteristic of 263 streets in Taipei city. Secondly, we provided an efficient method to understand how a particular street accommodates pedestrian travel well, a fuzzy procedure of combining comfortable index and safety index were processed on pedestrian walking environment. Finally, we demonstrated the model of pedestrian LOS based on identified attributes

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In an urban setting, the development of a skyway system has been seen as an important facility to improve local environment, create the urban image, and enhance the prosperity of the area. Furthermore, skyways can offer vantage points for pedestrians to observe the city and enjoy the unique view of the urban streetscape. This paper therefore argues that skyway systems are capable of forming a vibrant element in an urban context. As the development of skyway systems has recently become a notice in Taiwan, this paper selects the skyway system in the Shin-Yi Planning District, Taipei City as the subject of the research and conducts on-site observations and the questionnaire survey. The survey result shows that the majority of the respondents are content with the skyway system as a whole. However, several issues such as the lack of directional signage, deficient protection from the elements, and incomplete connection with public transit require more discussions in the subsequent skyway development. To build a sustainable skyway system, planners should pay much attention to the three critical strategies—integrating with the public transit system, providing a pedestrian-friendly environment, and enhancing the urban image and landscapes—in their skyway plans.

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Walking is a basic transport mode that has thus been important throughout human evolution. In recent time, the emphasis on development of sustainable societies has regenerate interest in pedestrian facilities and creation of seamless transport systems, to decrease negative environmental impacts. This paper focuses on the importance of cultural significance in development of pedestrian infrastructure. Pedestrian traffic behavior, awareness and attitudes toward walking affect lifestyle and the philosophical outlook of the people in the area. Conversely, this way of thinking also has an effect on pedestrian behavior. Thus, the research team set out to examine pedestrian behavior from a cultural perspective. This study investigates the awareness and attitudes toward walking in major Japanese cities. A brief comparison is attempted with a supplementary survey conducted in Taiwanese cities. Preliminary findings suggest that comparative studies are meaningful in the context of Asian cities, to gain insights on ‘pedestrian travel culture’.

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An important strategy to improve rail transit ridership is to improve station accessibility conditions. The objectives of this research are twofold: to understand patterns of access trips to transit stations and to determine the factors affecting propensity to walk to stations in Bangkok. The results show that most popular access modes are bus, motorcycle taxi, and walking. Within transit catchment area, Bangkok’s share of walking is less than those in other major cities, due to competition from motorcycle taxis. Estimation results of choice model show that distance to station is the most critical factor affecting propensity to walk, and that station-specific characteristics have significant impacts.

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Since bicycle traffic is not sufficiently considered in road planning processes, at present, the road space for bicycle traffic is not serviced sufficiently on many roads. It is necessary to develop evaluation indices of the dangers of bicycle traffic, in order to determine the appropriate road space required for bicycle traffic responding to road and traffic conditions. In the present study, the traffic conflict phenomenon of bicycle traffic is analyzed. Space occupancy indices are applied to the analysis. Throughout the analysis, the applicability of the traffic conflict indices to the phenomenon of bicycle traffic is examined.

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Motorcycle taxi plays an important role as one of public transportation modes in Bangkok. However, in the past, the motorcycle taxi service has been operated under unregulated condition that causes various problems to motorcycle taxi drivers and users. In 2005, the Thai government has imposed the regulations upon motorcycle taxi service that included motorcycle taxi drivers’ registration and fare rate. This makes Thailand becoming the first country in the world that regulates motorcycle taxi service. This study examines the motorcycle taxi drivers and service conditions before and after having imposed the regulations. The results reveal that the motorcycle taxi drivers’ behavior and its service system have been changed obviously after the imposition. Also, this study proposes the equation that could represent the system of motorcycle taxi service which could be applied for future planning condition perspective.

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The Taiwan high speed rail (HSR) system is anticipated to begin operation in 2007. As expected, when the HSR joins the intercity transport market, the conventional rail (CR) in Taiwan will receive severe competition from HSR, particularly for medium- and long-distance trips. The objective of this paper is to develop an intercity mode choice model that can be used to evaluate the impact of changes in CR services in response to the new HSR. Stated preference techniques and discrete choice models were employed to identify important variables influencing intercity passenger choice of the HSR, CR and other intercity modes. The empirical results indicate that travelers are more sensitive to the changes in travel cost than in travel time. The potential market for CR in the medium- and long-distance ranges is non-business travel. A declining distance-based fare structure is particularly useful to attract non-business travelers.

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Recently, the market for location-based services (LBS) has been rapidly expanding. As an LBS value-added service, a concierge service provides users with a minimum total cost route using multiple modes. One of the core features in a concierge service is a travel time forecast which undoubtedly affects decisions by users as to the selection of modes, routes and time of travel. Multimodal travel time forecasts thus become an essential part of providing LBS. Many researchers have endeavored to develop reliable travel time forecasting models. Most of these studies, however, have shown general forecasting performances without carefully evaluating performances of models with actual time data. The purpose of this paper is to implement a transit travel time forecasting model and evaluate the performance. The nonparametric regression model, developed in an earlier study has been implemented and evaluated using real-time transit data.

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A conceptual multi-agent model is presented that aims at supporting planners in their decision-making regarding the regeneration of Central Business Districts (CBD). The model focuses on the interaction between the environment consisting of facilities and the decisions of pedestrians regarding their activities and movements within that environment. As a preparatory step for the implementation of the model, the paper includes an explorative case study to reveal particular aspects of the interaction between pedestrians and facilities. Besides an analysis of the stops that people make at facilities during their trips, also the functional linkages occurring between stops are investigated, both in relation to whether or not they are planned and whether or not goods or services are purchased. Finally, these results are discussed in relation to the requirements of the multi-agent model.

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Indonesian railway policy reform has been initiated since 1991, where several stages of improvement took place. Nevertheless, train services and length of track in operation are declining. There has been a slowdown in policy implementation, especially since Asian monetary crisis in 1997 hit the country. Some key elements of government policy reform halted and PT Kereta Api (Persero) as a sole state-owned railway corporation failed to implement the corporate restructuring agenda. Under the new Law Number 23 / 2007 on Railway, it is expected that this matter will be resolved. The new law also underlines the importance of inviting private sector participation in developing railway industry in the country. This paper reports the recent institutional development of Indonesian railway. Brief history of railway restructuring is presented, supported by the underlying problems existed. As the practice of multi-operators is envisaged in the future, the necessary changes in the institutional set up of Indonesian railway are also discussed.

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This study discusses seamlessly integrating multiple modes of transportation networks and calculating the User Preferable K-Shortest paths in the network between origin and destination with a new algorithm based on improved Link Penalty. A projection method has been used to connect different networks. Three aspects of users’ preferences have been evaluated to set the rate of link penalties in each step that k-shortest paths will be generated. Link similarities are considered respectively in different mode and Partial Overlap has been introduced to be a criterion for iteration. Users can set their constraints and will get very precise and efficient travel information through GIS. Due to the simplification of the topological structure and flexibility of the k-shortest path algorithm, it’s very easy for developers to update their existing traveler information system.

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Discussion initiates from the present practice of street space design and management in the Asian context to establish that the current thrust of standards and mandates is geared towards promoting vehicle use and lacks consideration of other street users such as the pedestrian. The objective is to conduct a socio-cultural analysis of the Asian street user focusing on behavior, street sociology and culture. It aims to understand the Asian psyche and how this knowledge may contribute to enhancing street space sustainability. Four aspects of the Asian street user are considered: its physiological attribute and the needhierarchy, the Asian psyche compared with its Western counterpart, sociology of street use, and potential of reviving pedestrian culture. An interpretative, culture-bound approach is utilized to define the parameters to sustain people’s use of the street environment. It aims to review historical precedents on street space and use as well as utilize various anthropological methods.

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As elsewhere, in Pakistan too, the rapid urbanization, motorization and spatial expansion led to a sharp increase in demand for urban transport facilities and services. Cities in Pakistan are still without mass rapid transit. The existing informal urban public transport system is unable to meet the increasing travel demand. Absence of urban mass rapid transit system has caused acute increase of cars and motorcycles in Pakistan. To meet increasing travel demand and to fight against severe traffic congestion, large cities like Karachi and Lahore have come up with modern rail based rapid transit options in their cities, while other major cities have not yet considered about it. This paper intends to evaluate existing rail based rapid transit projects of Karachi and Lahore with Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) technology to suggest an urban mass rapid transit technology that is financially feasible and affordable for low income developing countries like Pakistan.

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The paper describes recent DFID and World Bank funded research on alternatives to gravel roads in Vietnam and Cambodia. A substantial range of proven, low-cost, rural road paving options is available and many of these have been tested in over 150 road sections constructed in South East Asia. These paving options are suitable for construction and maintenance by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The paper also reviews the alternative surfacing options. Most of these paving options require little capital investment in equipment, use labour-based techniques and can optimise the use of local materials resources. They can utilize locally made or available simple equipment, thus promoting local manufacturing and appropriate equipment ownership. For many of these techniques overhead costs could be reduced and a higher proportion of the costs could be recycled in the local community. The maintenance burden of these alternatives is usually lower than for gravel roads, and whole life costs can be cheaper than the provision of a gravel surface. Poverty reduction would be facilitated both through the involvement of the local community in the works, and improved, more sustainable access.

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Hydroplaning of vehicles is of particular concern to pavement engineers as it compromises the safety of automobiles during wet-weather highway operations. This paper describes the use of a finite-element model to simulate hydroplaning of a locked wheel sliding on a flooded pavement surface. The main components of the model are described and the model is validated against the various experimentally-derived relationships. The effects of tire inflation pressure, wheel load and water-film thickness on hydroplaning speed are studied using the numerical model. It is found that hydroplaning speed increases with increasing tire pressure, increasing load and decreasing water-film thickness. It is observed that tire inflation pressure is a dominant factor affecting hydroplaning speed while wheel load and water-film thickness are secondary factors. For easy practical application a regression relationship of hydroplaning speed as a function of tire inflation pressure, wheel load and water-film thickness is developed using the results of the numerical simulations.

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This paper described a simulative laboratory test to simulate traffic overcompaction using the gyratory compactor. During overcompaction, specimen heights were monitored to determine mix porosity. Mix permeability was measured before and after overcompaction. Resistance to overcompaction was assessed from changes in porosity, height and discharge time. The porosities of all mixes reduced continually until overcompaction ceased. The magnitude of porosity reduction of SLPA mix was highest when overcompacted at higher pressure and on smaller NMAS conventional mix. From the terminal percentage height reduction values, DLPA mixes were subjected to a higher degree of overcompaction compared to the corresponding SLPA mixes. In general, SBS modified mixes were more resistant to overcompaction compared to conventional mixes. The modified mixes also exhibit the lowest percentage change in drainage time.

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This study involved the subjective visibility evaluation of LED roadway delineators under different visibility conditions both at daytime and nighttime. The experiment was conducted using a road in Hokkaido, Japan under natural foggy conditions. The authors employed three types of LED delineators to examine how their visibility differed across various levels of luminous intensity. Twenty women participated as subjects. They were asked to evaluate the visibility, glare, and safety of each test accessory. In heavy fog, LED delineators earned a high rating of subjective visibility at daytime and nighttime. It was also recognized that the luminous intensity of the light-emitting elements in the delineators required adjustment depending on the degree of visibility reduction due to fog: To make the delineator "visible" from the observation distance of 200-m under foggy conditions with a visibility distance of 100-m, luminous intensities of 1,000-cd and 70-cd are desirable for daytime and nighttime, respectively.

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A vehicle traveling on the road exerts a dynamic load on the pavement. A realistic prediction of pavement response can be achieved by using a dynamic finite element analysis. However, the computational model of the finite element method is restricted to a finite domain. It is necessary to use a special boundary technique to consider the radiation condition of the unbounded domain into the finite element model. In this paper, absorbing elements are installed inside the finite element domain to simulate half-space conditions; these can absorb a propagating wave and prevent wave reflection from the bottom boundary. The efficiency of the absorbing elements is verified first, then the elastic structural responses of pavement under three different vehicle speeds are studied. Finally, the developed program is incorporated with the Drucker-Prager plasticity model to predict the permanent deformation of pavement under repeated traffic loading.

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A time domain backcalculation program is developed, and it is used to predict the response of the FWD test from LTPP test sections for three-layer and four-layer pavements. The Newmark scheme is used for the time integration, and the pattern search approach of optimization is adopted to perform the backcalculation analysis. First, the backcalculations based on the synthetic data generated by the finite element program show a good agreement between the backcalculated and given material properties. Then, the backcalculation is performed to analyze the FWD data of three-layer and four-layer pavements from the LTPP database; the predicted and measured history responses deflection are close. Finally, the backcalculated properties are used to predict the dynamic response of the FWD test in which the deflection data was not used for backcalculation analysis; the results show that the predictions and the test results agree very well.

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Determination of neutral plane position is the key point in the analysis of two layer bonded concrete slab on Winkler foundation, however, there are no solutions for it when the Poisson’s ratios of two slabs are different. Based on the Kirchhoff hypotheses, the equation of neutral plane was formulated in this paper and numerical method was employed to solve the equation. The position of the neutral plane for the two-layer bonded slab is found out. In addition, the effects of the modulus of foundation, the ratio of Poisson’s ratios, elastic moduli and thicknesses of bonded slab on the positions of neutral plane were discussed, and the results show that the position of the neutral plane for bonded slab with different Poisson ratios is totally different from that for bonded slab with the same Poisson ratio.

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Theory of fracture mechanics FM has been employed to determine crack growth rates of the suggested anti-cracking overlay systems. Two different reinforcing methodologies are applied; 1: addition of chopped glass fibers to the HMA; 2: reinforcing asphalt overlay by glass grids. Asphalt mixture designing tests, three points bending tests and fatigue crack propagation tests were carried out. Fracture toughness K_IC is determined for plain and reinforced asphalt concretes. The crack growth rate is determined for each type of anti-cracking systems, the cracking process is analyzed. One of the significant points in this study is the attempt to give better understanding of the crack propagation for multilayer asphalt overlay. The results indicate that the reinforcing materials improve anti-cracking characteristics of the asphalt concrete and composite structure anti cracking overlay gives a good solution for reflective cracking phenomenon over old cracked pavements.

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