This paper firstly analyzes the structure of the existing container shipping network, which covers several areas located respectively in two counties, and develops a new kind of shipping network that consists of trunk and feeder lines. Secondly, the paper constructs a bi-level programming model that can be used to optimize the container shipping network with the aim to minimize the generalized transport costs. Then the model is tested with container O-D data between the ports in the Surrounding Bohai area in China and two ports in the West of the USA. Through the test calculation, a feasible optimized shipping network consisting of trunk and feeder lines is founded for the case study area.

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This paper explains the analysis to calculate road pavement distress loss cost resulted from overloading and therefore the amount of loss cost the overload car users shall bear can be determined. Overloading heavy vehicle causes road pavement structural distress and service lifetime decreasing during design lifetime. The presence of overloading is indicated by the width area of rutting which is more than 60% of total road structural distress per km and by real maximum axle load (MAL) of the heavy vehicle which is larger than its standard MAL. The loss cost of road pavement distress due to overloading is calculated based on damage factor (DF) and deficit design life (DDL). The loss cost the overload car user shall bear is 60% of total DFC (damage factor cost) and DDLC (deficit design life cost), considering that not all pavement structural distresses are absolutely caused by overloading freight transport.

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Efficient sea transportation is heavily dependent on the smooth operation of modal interchange, meaning that intermodal transfer is a key element in successful shipping operations with massive transshipment in major seaports. Competition for intermodal links in container ports is sometimes a short-term objective towards the longer-term vision of establishing a container port logistics systems and a global logistics management center. This paper discusses the development strategies of container ports towards the intermodal freight transport systems, and real-world decision problems were examined. Having obtained a good understanding of the data acquired, shippers' perceptions of container transportation and port service were analyzed. The cross-tabulations together with the statistical techniques of factor analysis and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis were applied in order to analyze data comparisons and the relationship between the service purchase behavior and the degree of satisfaction for development strategies.

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The freight shipping industry has become an important part of logistics services. Many companies view business customers as major sources of revenue. Under fierce market competition, managers of freight shipping company must find ways to maintain customers through continuous cooperation and enhance customer loyalty and satisfaction. This study explores the effects of service quality and relational performance on customer satisfaction and loyalty in a business-to-business context. This study adopted business customers of freight shipping companies in Taiwan as its sample and collected data via a self-administered questionnaire. After applying structural equation modeling to test the theoretical model, analytical results show that customer loyalty was influenced by the level of satisfaction. Additionally, the relational performance and service quality significantly affected satisfaction. Finally, this study discusses managerial implications and offers suggestions for future research.

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This paper discusses the theoretical framework for considering network design and choice of aircraft size in order to understand the hub dominance in the air cargo transport markets. The model is a bi-level market model that is constructed by air carriers' behavior as leader, and shippers' behavior as follower. We assume the duopoly market in which air carriers aim to maximize their profit by designing shipping network. Shippers aim to reduce their generalized shipping cost which consists of shipping time, waiting time, tariff and monetary value of congestion. We assume that the equilibrium flow of commodities is given as stochastic user equilibrium flow. Computation results suggest that the carrier which holds the dominant hub airport rules the market but the hub dominance is unstable. Hub dominance heavily depends on the balance between runway capacity and local cargo flows.

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The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is an important problem in the field of logistics management. As an NP-hard problem, the VRP real world sized instances cannot be solved to optimality within reasonable times. This research aims to develop a two-stage ant colony optimization (TACO) algorithm, which possesses a two-stage solution construction rule, to solve the large scale vehicle routing problem (LSVRP). In the first stage of the solution construction rule, the VRP is decomposed into several sub-problems (traveling salesman problem). Then each sub-problem is solved by an improved ant colony system (ACS) in the second stage of the construction rule. The performance of TACO is tested by 14 VRP and 20 LSVRP benchmark instances and compared with other meta-heuristic approaches in the literature. The computational results show that our TACO can obtain good solutions for large scale VRP instances and its performance is competitive with other well-known meta-heuristic algorithms.

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This study examines the determinants of location decisions on domestic shippers. To do this, this study identifies with the aid of the location choice model. We have used Korea commodity flow survey collected by the inter-regional shippers and socio-economical data. The results suggest that the location of shippers depend on agglomeration economies, market size, as well as logistics activities. The influential factors of location choice are as follows. Firstly, the influence of travel time between shipping (receiving) area between shipper locations (plants) should be accounted for. The suggested models show a large volume of transportation for a short transportation time and a small volume for a long transportation time. This study finds that the more business exist in an area, the more firms locate in the area. Urbanization economies have an influential role in location choice in Korean shippers.

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Unlike widely available literatures in hazardous material (HAZMAT) transportation that basically aim at finding non dominated paths for a given origin-destination pair, our main focus in this study is on vehicle routing problem with time window (VRPTW) aspect of HAZMAT transportation problem that has received very less attention in literatures. We present a new multi-objective optimization model and its meta-heuristic solution technique using Ant Colony System for HAZMAT routing. In contrast to existing local routing models, we consider minimization of risk and transportation cost in both route choice and routing phases of transportation process. Moreover, route choice and routing have been carried out as a single step process. Lastly, the proposed algorithm has been tested for normal VRPTW by testing on Solomon benchmark instances and the results obtained show that the proposed algorithm outperforms while maintaining realistic computation time.

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This research attempted an empirical analysis of the trucking industry in Korea through the estimation of cost functions; in the empirical analysis, the data were established based on a new method. Regarding the data, the availability of which has constrained research, it should be noted that this analysis was performed using estimated data instead of using existing survey data. The analysis results of this study were compared with other cost function analysis results with regard to economies of scale and the signs and sequence of elasticity. The results showed similarities, while also showing agreement with a considerable portion of the previous research.

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Hub facilities serve as transshipment and switching points in transportation and telecommunication networks. This paper deals with the uncapacitated single allocation p-hub median problem (USApHMP), which is a well known NP-hard problem. Few studies applied simulated annealing (SA), tabu search (TS), and genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the problem in the past decades. A threshold accepting (TA) algorithm is proposed for solving the USApHMP. The numerical experiments were carried out on two sets of benchmark instances, CAB and AP, from the literature. The results show that our TA algorithm is efficient and competitive with other approaches. TA can obtain all the optimal solutions in the CAB data set and update two best-known solutions of large instances in the AP data set.

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This paper presents a column generation-based heuristics for the Vehicle Routing and scheduling Problem with Soft Time Windows (VRPSTW). The subproblem has been solved using a modified stochastic push forward insertion heuristics that incorporates the early and late arrival penalties. The useful dual information (shadow prices) from the column generation master problem guides the heuristic subproblem to provide negative reduced cost columns of sufficient quality. The performance of column generation-based heuristics is evaluated comparing its results with a genetic algorithms heuristics whose initial population is based on the same insertion heuristics as used in the column generation subproblem. The results showed that the column generation-based heuristics produced better quality solutions, both in terms of cost and environment (CO₂), in most cases in only quarter of the computation time, on average.

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This paper is intended to account spatial structure effects on freight demand using aggregate data. Spatial structure affects travel decisions, if it is not included in the model, then it could lead to a biased model. Spatial structure effects are usually studied using competing destinations models, which need disaggregate data. This paper presents the adaptation of competing destinations model together with intervening opportunities models to account for spatial structure effects using aggregate data. The application of the model shows that competing effects occur at origin zone, while agglomeration effects occur at destination zones.

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A method is presented to solve location problem of PSO-SOC, which is characterized as Minimum Concave-cost Multi-commodity Flow (MCMF) problem. Core idea of proposed solution procedure is the exploitation of network representation (NR). It is found that despite the solution is approached by an aggregate flow, our network representation could derive disaggregate flows, especially for those which deal with diverse cost functions among each commodity, such as production cost and revenue. In addition, our NR could deal with the situation where total supply is not in balance with total demand. The other characteristic of proposed solution procedure is that location decision of MCMF-NR is not represented by the binary number, as employed on most of location model. Location decision is represented by the flow on links associated to fixed-cost of facility. General heuristic algorithm related to Destination Spanning Tree development is suggested to solve the MCMF-NR, and an illustrative example is also discussed.

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Regionalization is a common trend in the world economy, which is represented by increase in intra-regional and intra-industry trade. And, Cross-Border Transport (CBT) needs to be facilitated to improve connectivity and competitiveness of the region. This study aims to show the process and factors of the CBT evolution with empirical data. The case of CBT over land between Thailand and Malaysia is focused as one of the advanced example in Asia. From the macro analysis of trade statistics, it was revealed that the CBT increases by active trades between divided production processes in general and electric machinery industries. For the microscopic analysis of companies' modal choice, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied. It was found that “reliability” of transport service was evaluated more or equally important as “cost”. Desirability of land transport was evaluated lower in some or all sub-attributes of reliability.

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This study models the vehicle emission pricing strategy using the multi-agent system (MAS). A two-level hierarchical MAS is adopted. The manager agents are cognitive agents that give instructions while the worker agents carry out the tasks assigned. The agents can also be categorized into two groups. The agents in the air quality group continuously monitoring and collecting air pollution data at the roadside or at the buildings vicinity to the roadways. While the agents in the emission pricing group analyze the pollution data provided to decide when to activate the emission pricing. The evaluation of the proposed framework and strategy is carried out in the microscopic traffic simulation environment. An illustrative case study of a new town in Singapore is adopted. It is shown that the proposed methodology yields promising results. The air pollution level at the roadside or vicinity buildings is reduced.

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This paper investigates the joint optimization problem of land use development and transportation network improvement. A novel bi-level model is proposed to solve this problem. The upper level is to determine residential/employment developments and road link capacity expansions with a budget so that the maximal population (residents/ employees) is accommodated while satisfying user utility (in terms of level of service) requirement. The accommodated population distribution by residential/employment locations and user utility are obtained by the lower level. The lower level is the combined network user equilibrium model. It models user location choice, activity pattern choice and path choice behaviors under the determined land use development and transportation network improvement in the upper level. A heuristic solution algorithm is designed for solving the proposed bi-level programming problem. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the applications and merits of the proposed model and solution algorithm.

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Tourism Environment as comprised by “Safety”, “Cleanliness”, “Barrier-free”, “Multilingual Writing”, “Communication”, “Price”, “Transportation” and “Electronic Service”, contributes to foreign visitors' travel satisfaction in terms of convenience and comfort. In this light, this study aims to understand 1) the relative importance of the items that define the tourism environment, and 2) how foreign visitors evaluate Japan's tourism environment. The analysis showed that foreign visitors highly prioritize Safety followed by Transportation and Price. In addition to the foreign visitor's subjective evaluation, quantitative analysis was done to certify the evaluation system of the tourism environment. The result shows that Japan has strength in the areas of affluence and social stability but has weakness in language.

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We examined the rent capitalization of access to rail transit station in Bangkok. Because office rents are spatially autocorrelated, OLS estimation of hedonic models yields biased and inconsistent results. Therefore, we used the spatial econometric technique to remedy this problem. We measured access to rail transit stations by street-network distances from property to station. The distances were also the basis on which spatial relations among office rents were defined, and from which spatial weights matrices were constructed. We estimated spatial hedonic regressions from a sample of 85 office properties in Bangkok, using spatial lag and spatial error model structures. The results reveal that the monthly rent premium of being located nearer to a transit station by one kilometer is approximately 19 Baht per square meter, and the elasticity of rent with respect to the distance is -0.06.

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This study examined the effectiveness of information provision to tourists via mobile phones. Browser phones were used to provide the information, and a “mobile rally” was used to identify the influence that this information provision had on the travel behavior of tourists. The purpose of this paper is the acquisition of new knowledge and ideas for effective methods of information provision by applying a data mining technique to tourist travel data containing large amounts of diversified information. The major results of this study are as follows; 1) It is likely that important information can be easily extracted from data — even enormous amounts of data - through text mining. 2) It was also found to be important to provide useful information at the travel planning stage when successive information searches were conducted.

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Tourism is one of the most dynamic and fastest growing global industries. However, tourist destinations are defenseless from unforeseeable disasters. Recovery shows a sluggish and delicate manner to which stepwise guidelines can not be formulated due to diverse internal and external environmental conditions. Thus, a systematic approach is inevitable for a tourism revival following a sudden disaster. This paper explains a systematic approach and analytical means for tourism revival strategic marketing planning with a combination of SWOT matrix and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). SWOT technique examines both internal and external factors of tourism industry. The combination yields analytically determined priority factors and make them commensurable. The prioritized SWOT factors are used to formulate alternative recovery strategies using TOWS matrix. Ultimately a comprehensive priority for each strategic alternative with respect to SWOT factors was evaluated using strategic evaluation matrix. This method was applied for the tourism revival process of Sri Lanka following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Results indicate that proactive communication strategy and isolation strategy with effective marketing promotional strategy were the best strategies that could have been implemented for a booming tourism revival process. The accuracy of the proposed hybrid method was established by comparing with then implemented strategies.

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This paper proposes a Cell Emission Approach for estimating CO2 emission in urban expressways. The estimation models rely on traffic flow data collected by traffic detectors. Two cell-based estimation models, called as the instantaneous model and the time slice model are proposed. The instantaneous model is one of the simplest methods for estimating CO2 emission. The time slice model is more accurate model than the instantaneous model because trajectories of each vehicle in a section of an expressway are considered. CO2 emission of the Hanshin Expressway in Japan is estimated by the proposed models. As the results of the estimation, gaps between the instantaneous model and the time slice model are confirmed. The qualitative characteristics of CO2 emission in the urban expressway section are presented by the visualization methods.

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The benefit of railway to the adjacent area has been well accepted; however to what extent it has influence over space is still questionable. The objective of this study is to examine the varying relationship between the property value and its determining factors such as accessibility to urban rail. A hedonic price model of medium-income-class housing in Bangkok taking into account the varying relationship (Geographically Weighted Regression, GWR) is estimated in reference to the standard regression model (Ordinary Least Square, OLS). The GWR model exhibits better performance and has revealed that the influence of urban rail transit having on the residential property (townhouse) value is substantially varying over space. This implies that urban railway has large contribution to land and property value uplift in the station catchment areas.

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This paper aims at examining the sensitivity of an accessibility-based equity measure in the context of the stochastic road network design problem. An equity optimization model system based on the bi-level programming approach is proposed, where the upper level problem addresses equity optimization under road investment constraint and the lower level deals with a user equilibrium model reflecting route choice behavior with varied link capacity improvements. An accessibility-based equity measure is defined in terms of the Gini coefficient. To illustrate the applicability of the model, an empirical study using data collected in Dalian City, China is carried out. Results demonstrate that the accessibility-based equity measure can be applied to measure distributional differences in zonal accessibility. Comparative results also implicate that policy makers may need to trade-off the levels of zonal accessibility and the accessibility distribution.

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We reviewed the past and current land policies in Hanoi, Vietnam, and analyzed the local property prices in order to identify the main factors affecting the local land market. The institutional systems associated with the land market in Vietnam have been changing dramatically for several decades; this has created various problems, including instable property prices. The current property price evaluation in Hanoi reflects the actual demand in the market and attempts to meet the requirements of the Land Law. However, it still suffers from the lack of data and knowledge pertaining to the land market. Property prices were analyzed by using hedonic price analysis in order to understand the property price structure. Property price functions were estimated for five zones in Hanoi. The results show that various factors such as location with respect to the nearest street, number of floors, and road ratio affect the property prices significantly.

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Motorcycle ownership and its usage increase dramatically especially in urban area of Indonesia due to rapid growth of economic development and lack of public transport infrastructure. Government of Indonesia and local government of several cities enacted Inspection and Maintenance program for in-use motorcycle to reduce motorcycle exhaust emissions. To analyze this policy, we apply bivariate probit model for the likelihood of CO and HC emission violations given a set of motorcycle characteristics which obtained from on-road measurement at Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya in 2004. We found that maintenance quality and running kilometer per year play significant role in determining the probability of emission test. Then, GDP per capita and urban density influences personal motorcycle mobility per capita per year at city level data. By comparing estimation results among those cities, the probability of observed data at Bandung differed significantly compare to Jakarta's samples. Empirical study confirms that high mobility at low population density is better than low mobility at high density of the city.

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We investigated the relationship between railroad station and areal population density in Japan. A cross-sectional analysis and a series of longitudinal analysis on the station development and changes in population density are conducted. The overall trend of higher density near the station is observed with a relatively high level of variance. Also, it is pointed out that railroad service is necessary for dense inhabitation while it is not sufficient. Further, the longitudinal analysis confirmed that the station development induced the population density growth within 2 to 3 km from the station. A detailed analysis proposed that while the difference of density growth relative to the regional difference or proximity to the station is not observed, the collaborative development of railroad and housing would have a largest potential in improving population density.

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Impacts on land use distribution of a metropolitan area by a policy measure such as development of a road network or a railway system are increasingly complicated and more detailed analysis is required. A micro simulation system is a very effective tool to analyze these impacts in detail. The current paper develops a microsimulation model for representing demographic distribution on a hypothetical metropolitan area by using parameters estimated by the real data of the Person Trip Survey and its accompanied survey in 2006 which investigate individual location choice behavior. This model shows that the microsimulation model is able to forecast various possible demographic distributions as well as the most likelihood one. Therefore, this tool is useful in managing various risks which will occur there by foreknowing what will happen from the results of this model.

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In Japan, Japan Tourism Agency is founded in 2008 in order to correspond to increase in tourism demand. In the tourism demand modeling, trip generation, destination choice (traffic distribution), modal choice and tourism duration choice should be considered in the model system. Further, the improvement on inter-regional transportation facilities enables to tour several destinations in two or three days, therefore, the model adequately represents the possibility in touring around the destination. This study estimates the tourism demand model considering trip generation and the passenger traffic distribution simultaneously. By using the disaggregated data sampled from all the regions with the augmentation coefficient, characteristics in tourism demand in Japan such as attractiveness of the tourism resource, the possibility to tour around the destination, and the influence of demographic characteristics of trip maker, are clarified. The effect of the improvement in level-of-service of expressway is simulated.

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The quality of life plays an important role as an urban indicator to assess the liveability of the city and urban environment. However, due to the development of urban area in several aspects has resulted to the changes of life style of people, it is undoubted that time consuming for leisure activity or family hour has been major replaced by travel time. This study aims to assess the impact of travel time on quality of life of people in term of the social health dimension which can be measured on the basis of travel behavior. The results indicated that the time consuming for different trip purposes on a variety of modes have different magnitude on the quality of life of people. Therefore, this study can reflect the magnitude of travel time impact as an alternative indicator for sustain social welfare improvement.

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The demand for public services, including transportation, depends not only on the number of households but also the type and composition of each household. Therefore, it is indispensable to forecast the future spatial distribution of households by such type from the viewpoint of sustainable public management, especially with an ageing metropolitan population. However, neither traditional meso-scale land-use models nor other equilibrium type models can practically deal with the types of locators in detail. On the other hand, micro simulation models are too complicated to build or apply in practice. The aim of the paper is to build a model with a simple framework of an extended cohort-type demographic model, and location/relocation models based on the discrete choice model. The model is applied to a transportation study in Sapporo Metropolitan Area and the results of future simulations suggest various implications which depends only on a transportation model, can never provide.

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Line capacity of a railway system is affected by many factors and one of the most important factors is the knock-on delay (delay propagation). The knock-on delay of trains usually caused by route conflicts, prolonged alighting and boarding times of passengers and other exogenous delays in railway operations. To clarify the impacts of these complicated factors on knock-on delay and their interactions, this research develops a comprehensive simulation model to deal with the related problems. A rail section from Cidu to Shulin of Taiwan regional railway is selected for validation of the model. Furthermore, Keelung-Hsinchu section is selected for case study. The result shows that the proposed model can be used in practice for estimating the knock-on delay. The model can be further extended to analyze the impacts on knock-on delay for all kinds of changes in infrastructures, operational situations and controlling strategies.

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Effective prediction of bus arrival times is important to advanced traveler information systems. Here enhanced regression models, based on linear regression and an adaptive algorithm, are presented to predict the arrival times at stops. In the models, the linear regression models predict the baseline travel times between adjacent stops based on traffic conditions of the following segment; the adaptive algorithm uses the most recent bus arrival information, together with the estimated baseline arrival times from linear regression models, to predict arrival times at downstream stops. The adaptive method for bus arrival time prediction is examined with the data of bus No. 23 in Dalian City, China and at last some conclusions are given.

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Optimizing the location of urban bus routes is a major challenge owing to the enormous range of possible alternatives, as well as the numerous associated requirements and limitations. Additionally, considerable information must be involved in models. For instance, detailed spatial data on population locations and trip demands is crucial for examining bus accessibility. This study employs fuzzy programming, and use four indicators representing sustainable transportation, such as accessibility, operator profit, user cost and reduction of external cost, to optimize urban bus route allocation. The proposed model is applied to Taoyuan County, the most rapidly growing city in Taiwan, and managerial implication are identified to help decision-makers align bus routes based on sustainability criteria, and consideration is also given to extending the model to more comprehensive evaluation functions.

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In Japan, bus transportation with resident participation increases in areas where conventional bus services are not provided. Resident participation is based upon social capital, which consists of companionship, participation, trust and reciprocity. However there have been no studies about relation between bus services with resident' participation and using social capital. This research attempts to clarify factors that influence attitude of residents to participation in bus transportation using the "social capital" concept. Questionnaire-based research is conducted in an area where bus service with resident participation is under planning. This research focuses on securing funds and supplying the bus in management of bus transportation service. Our analysis indicates that social capital affected to burden charge for the bus from all residents and willingness to participate as volunteer driver.

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Attitudes and preferences toward walking in different urban areas have been investigated to understand differences among pedestrian travel culture. The study team distributed ten thousand questionnaires altogether in 10 cities and achieved a 23.5% average response rate. Analysis revealed attitude toward walking has a statistically significant difference among different age groups with relatively old age groups expressing positive responses. Car ownership of respondents did not contribute to a significant difference in attitudes although the public transport usage showed an impact. Preferences related to walking space also showed a significant difference between respondents who use and do not use public transport. Analysis also showed that citizens in large cities who use public transport consider pleasant walking environment in their route choice behavior even at the cost of making a detour. Walking behavior, particularly the pedestrian signal compliance at traffic signals, is found to be different between many city pairs considered in the analysis.

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The surface public bus has a great advantage in mitigating traffic congestion in Beijing city in a short-term period and accessibility analysis of public bus network is one of the most important topics for urban sustainable development. On the basis of actuality analysis of such indexes as line length, network density, repetition coefficient of public bus network in Beijing, the paper improved the Critical Cluster Model (CCM) which is one of the spatial optimization models applying to the assessment of evacuation risk and introduced a new concept the maximum bus line capacity demand for the bus stop. It evaluated the accessibility of Beijing public bus network with the reformative CCM and GIS technology. The results revealed the accessibility characteristics and the existing problems, which will help to the further improvement program.

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In order to encourage more people to use public transportation, a better public transport system should be provided and improved from time to time. Numerous softwares have been developed to aid in the planning of transportation system. One of the software which is known as EMME/2 was used in this study. The EMME/2 was used to calculate the boarding volume of buses. Based on a case study, sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the most influential parameters affecting the boarding volume. From the study, it was concluded that the most significant parameter for this case study is the wait-time weight, followed by the boarding-time weight while other parameters do not affect the boarding volume much.

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Most of intercity rapid trains in Japan supply different seat classes, (1) reserved seat, where passengers are completely guaranteed to have seating during the trip (2) nonreserved seat, where passengers can sit anywhere if it is available. Because the assignment of these classes is usually fixed, the inefficient utilization is caused, for example, non-reserved seats are highly congested while there are still vacant seats in the reserved seat class. The study focuses on the seat class choice behavior on intercity train passengers for developing the flexible seat class assignment approach. Some analyses conducted in the study suggest that the choice behavior is influenced by some personal preference factors, such as importance on “complete seating during the trip” and so on. The disaggregate seat class choice models are also calibrated, which demonstrate that the consideration of heterogeneity of passengers' preference for seat classes is efficient to describe the behavior.

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This study presumes the efficiency of each route by utilizing data of Seoul's exclusive bus routes for the first half of 2008 and the DEA model. In the estimation, it is assumed that the number of passengers and profits of each route is calculated by considering the number of buses and stops, travel distance, intervals and management cost. This study computed the efficiency scores of each bus line in Seoul based on the data for the first half of 2008 and one of the DEA models, namely the BCC model. After analysis using the input-oriented BCC model, out of a total of 18 lines of interest, there were 2 CRS lines and 16 IRS lines. Also, the Tobit Regression Analysis that helps identify the impact of the elements used in the analysis on efficiency scores proved that the most influential element to exclusive buses is the length of intervals.

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This study explores the impacts of individual attitudes and past experiences toward the various public transport policies in Indonesia. Interview and travel diary surveys among public transport users were carried out in three different metropolitan in Indonesia: Jakarta, Bandung and Jogjakarta. The equity and affordability issues, previous experiences, the relationships between importance and satisfaction of the service's elements and the preferences towards various policies are explored. The results show that the acceptability of the individuals towards various different policies is formed by individuals' various sociodemographic aspects and is learning processes overtime. Only focus in one aspect, such as cost, negatively impacts the whole public transport system.

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This study is an extension to a project that explores pedestrian behavior in Taiwan with an emphasis on impacts of socio-cultural attributes. Data collection for the comparison among four cities was carried out by conducting an interview questionnaire survey. Impact of age of citizens in different cities towards pedestrian awareness and attitudes was examined. Three observations could be made from the analysis. Firstly, there is no significant difference among pedestrian behavior among Taiwanese cities. Secondly, there are significant differences of behavioral attributes among different age groups. Thirdly, analysis related to specific spatial characteristics of pedestrian facilities in city centers in Taiwan provides an insight into route choice behavior of pedestrians in different stages of the life cycle.

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Findings from commuter travel survey data that taken from mass transit systems in Bangkok and Manila Mass Transit Systems revealed that those who live and having destination as well in mass transit catchment area are not the regular mass transit users. It is meant that the transit system of the study areas are suffering with limited number of ridership. This paper is trying to exhibit the characteristics of mode choice for traveling that both of origin and destination point are within mass transit area. In doing so, multinomial logit model were developed to explain the regular mode choice of those residing in transit catchment areas. The results reveal that access distance and car availability have crucial influence on the tendency of regular mass transit use. Taken together, the results implied that within acceptable walking distance, increasing the quality of walking environment proves an important strategy that can make walking to station more attractive, thereby inducing modal shift to transit. For longer distance, improving feeder bus service is still indispensable, especially in the case where other access modes are very limited.

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This paper applies network data envelopment model (network DEA) to analyze the efficiency of urban railways, vertically integrated structure consisting of such division as “Maintenance”, “Operations”, and “Sales”. One of the advantages of network DEA is that it allows analyzing the efficiencies of each individual divisions as well as the efficiencies of an entire railway company. Ranking different management forms of urban railway business organization in order of productive efficiency¹, this paper describes the special company was the most efficient on average, followed by private companies, third-sector railways, then municipal railway companies. Turning to profitability efficiency², the third-sector companies were somewhat more efficient than the public and private railways across all divisions, but the significance level was low.

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The study investigates public transport service attributes that influence overall passengers' satisfaction and ultimately enhancing public transportation ridership in developing countries. An original questionnaire survey to public transport users was designed and conducted in the city of Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, to collect prerequisite information and data to facilitate the analysis. It also provided requisite variables which were used to develop Structural Equation Model (SEM) to elucidate the interrelationship between the observed variables and unobserved variables and their impact to the overall commuters' satisfaction. Unobserved attributes such as Service Quality (SQ), Safety (S) and Travel Cost (TC) were estimated. Level of satisfaction was found to be significantly influenced by Service Quality (SQ), Safety (S), Travel Cost (TC) and the perception on the systems' performance. The study therefore proposed the model to transportation engineers and planners in Nairobi city in the investigation of travel factors that do determine commuters' satisfaction with public transportation services.

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Many of the rural areas in Japan have suffered from depopulation and population aging. When elderly people will age more, it will be difficult for them to drive a car and the people who can't drive will increase. Because of this, it will be important to prepare the mobility in these areas. For measures for this problem, community buses have begun being operated in some areas. However, many of them haven't been successful because demands of elderly people for mobility and the community bus haven't understood. In this study, on the basis of two questionnaire surveys, which were carried out in the Osaki-Kamijima Island, attitudes of the elderly people to mobility and a community bus are analyzed. Through these analyses, attitudes of the elderly people to relation between mobility and quality of their life and a service level of a bus that elderly people want are shown.

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In this paper, bus signal priority (BSP) with different near side bus stop position in reference to the average queue during red time of the selected intersection and bus detection after bus departure from stop was modeled. Three alternative positions such as bus stop within normal queue, at the end of normal queue and beyond the distance of normal queue were evaluated for traffic flow ratios of 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1 by simulation method. Two objective functions i.e. decrease in delay for priority movement and increase in delay for non-priority movements were considered. Since there are two objective functions, Pareto-optimal situation arises. The optimal case was selected based on the shortest normalized distance to Pareto optimal sets. Bus stop at the end of normal queue outperforms reducing total person delay in priority direction with least increase in total person delay on non-priority direction.

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It is an important duty for a local authority to provide reliable public transport within the local area for every citizen including elderly and disabled people. Many local authorities in Japan have introduced community bus services of typical community public transport services. However, the financial burden to the local authorities is huge, and sustainable public transport services that reflect the demand of the local areas are urgently sought. Attention is drawn especially to the community bus in regional public transport, and the PDCA cycle when it had paid attention to the review process at the introductory stage is presented in the present study. In addition, this PDCA cycle could be proposed and practiced to ensure that a smooth, advanced review could be achieved as a result in comparison with other introduction regions, and to be able to confirm the effectiveness of the community bus "Taco bus" plan in Akashi City, Japan.

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Introduction of paratransit as a feeder for mass transit system in developing cities is one of the solutions to improve mass transit patronage. Further, taking advantage of the existing paratransit which is a low capital intensive solution is key. Presently, paratransit services perform the role of connecting people to the stations. Nonetheless, people are still dissatisfied with the quality of service provided by this mode of transport. This study attempts to investigate the potential of paratransit as well as determine the influences of commuter perceptions on paratransit service to the attitudes on mass transit connectivity and the behavioral intention in usage of mass transit and paratransit as a feeder. Satisfaction of commuters has a positive influence on mass transit connectivity attitudes and the future use of both paratransit and mass transit. Therefore, improvement policies regarding paratransit service must be carefully drawn with the purpose of enhancing the performance of mass transit.

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Various researches have been studied on the topic of pedestrian traffic flow. At the beginning of pedestrian researches, the modeling and simulation method for the vehicular traffic flow was simply applied to pedestrian traffic flow. Recently, CA based simulation models are frequently applied to pedestrian flow analysis. Initially, the square lattice model (SLM) is a base model for applying to pedestrians of counterflow and then hexagonal lattice model (HLM) improves its network as a hexagonal cell for more realistic movement of the avoidance of pedestrian conflicts. In this paper, we suggested the rotated hexagonal lattice model (RHLM) to take the advantages of SLM and HLM for more realistic pedestrian motion. Two simulation models such as SLM and RHLM are compared by the speed, density and flow. The comparison shows that RHLM can simulate pedestrian flow more realistically from various perspectives.

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Every city's artificial setting including infrastructures must reflect its surrounding climatologic conditions and people's lifestyles. Authors focus on people's various on-street activities, particularly non-movement activities (NMA), as well as the function of street-trees which seem to be heavily influenced by climate. The city of Hanoi, having a 36-street area (traditional area) and a French quarter (colonial area) for comparison, was taken as a sample city of monsoon Asia for primary and intensive surveys. It was found that NMA, which plays an important role on people's life in cities, is significantly dense and varied and highly depends on street-side land-use and species of trees. Street-trees, especially their human-scale functions, were then observed to be quite important for NMA under monsoon Asia's climate. Consequently, GDI (Green Dome Index) is proposed for evaluating people's preference of trees for NMA.

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