This study evaluates the performance of the Arif Rahman Hakim Park and Ride facility in Surabaya, Indonesia, based on user perceptions of safety, comfort, and convenience. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 146 users and analyzed through the Weighted Mean Score (WMS) method. The results show that safety aspects such as lighting (2.91) and CCTV cameras (2.84) were rated very good, while comfort features like toilets and cleaning facilities also performed well. However, some variables, including the prayer room (1.91), disabled parking (2.30), and information boards (1.60) require improvement. These findings suggest that targeted infrastructure upgrades and better integration with public transport could enhance user satisfaction and support sustainable urban mobility. This research provides practical insights and recommendations based on WMS results while acknowledging its limitations and suggesting future studies across multiple locations to improve generalizability.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the geographical concentration and dispersion of foreign travelers to Japan by nationality at the prefectural level, using the data in 2013 and 2023. After providing an overview of the foreign travelers to Japan and the tourism policies by the government, the paper investigates two types of diversities in the foreign travelers to Japan by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI): a diversity of nationalities over prefectures and a diversity of prefectures over nationalities. The paper then examines the concentration of foreign travelers to Japan by nationality and prefecture by the location quotient (LQ). The paper finally demonstrates how the foreign travelers to Japan actually developed over the last decade. The paper sheds light on the HHI and the LQ to refine our understanding of the spatial concentration and dispersion of foreign travelers to Japan, which is one of the key contributions of this paper.

Efforts to improve the comfort aspects of KRL users as the most popular public transport in the JABODETABEK area need to be made to reduce congestion problems. Inconvenience due to passengers crowding each other in several carriages near the staircase access counter can increase the risk of crime, sexual harassment, and the difficulty of operators in conducting surveillance. To minimise the uneven passenger density between carriages, this research aims to create a passenger density information system for each carriage on the KRL so that passengers can be well distributed throughout the carriage. The research method is Design Research Methodology (DRM) through literature study of public transport performance assessment indicators, preparation of impact models, needs analysis, information system design, application design, prototype design, and information system testing. The findings are in the form of a passenger density information system for each carriage that can be accessed by passengers through LCD screens at stations and smart phone applications. Prototyping experiments resulted in an infrared sensor-based module through the use of microcontrollers that can be an applicable, adaptive, and affordable technology. Broad usefulness and long-term impact through increased comfort and operational income are the main targets of the research. This innovation is the right way and is expected to be implemented by the government in order to create transportation progress and can reduce the congestion index which is still high in the JABODETABEK area.

Efficient intercity travel networks are important for economic growth and environmental sustainability, yet traditional networks often overlook the influence of travel behaviors. Therefore, in this study, we address the knowledge gap by incorporating travel behaviors into intercity transportation networks in Japan using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) on mobile-phone location data. The NMF analysis revealed three key travel-behavior patterns—Business, Personal reasons, and Sightseeing/Leisure, whose seasonal dynamics were examined. We modeled these variations to develop an optimized multimodal transportation network integrating rail and air services to minimize social costs. The findings show that incorporation of travel behaviors, i.e., the necessity of hybrid transportation networks, particularly for high travel volumes and significant travel-time differences, results in drastic changes in the optimal network shape. In addition, the relevance of single-modal networks under specific conditions is highlighted, demonstrating the potential of NMF for identifying travel behaviors and improving transportation network designs.

This study explores factors affecting passengers’ willingness to relocate from existing intercity bus terminals to a new terminal. An ordered probit model was adopted with interview survey data from 129 intercity bus passengers in Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, May 9-25, 2024, as a case study. Results showed that factors such as gender (female), career (self-employed, employed), owner of a vehicle (motorcycle), access/egress mode (LAMAT), and terminal evaluation (well-organized/maintained, available information, and satisfaction) had significant effects (p < 0.05) on passengers’ willingness to relocate terminal. Results also showed that 62.0% agreed, 25.6% were neutral, and 12.4% did not agree to relocate the terminals. Among those who agreed to relocate, 82.5% were not satisfied with existing terminals. Most of them (98.9%) demanded for better terminal facilities (66.7%), better services (20.0%), and convenience (12.2%). The findings offer valuable guidance for policy development on enhancing current intercity bus terminals and effectively designing new ones.

This study aims to investigate the behavioral intention to switch to electric motorcycles (e-MCs) in Bali. Data from 473 local respondents in Bali were used for the analysis. Structural Equation Modeling was used to build a conceptual model of switching behavioral intention to e-MCs in Bali. The study-appropriate variables were based on research gaps identified by a comprehensive analysis of existing literature. As a result, this study proposes nine hypotheses that were analyzed based on the collected data. The analysis showed that only four of the nine hypotheses can be accepted with statistical significance. The study found that the intention to switch to e-MC is directly influenced by risk perception, effort expectation, environmental concern, social influence, and hedonic motivation. Further research should give attention to domestic and international tourists visiting Bali, as many tourists ride motorcycles during their stay in Bali.

In recent years, cycling trend has been on the rise in Indonesian cities. Although the popularity is attributed to cycling as a sport activity instead of a transport mode, this cycling rave needs to be accommodated in transport policy, especially in terms of road safety considering that Indonesian cities are mostly car-oriented. Yet, little is understood regarding cycling behavior. Using 194 online questionnaires through Bike-Barometer project, this study investigates cycling experiences as well as risky and protective behavior when cycling to provide an overview of cycling culture in Indonesia. Findings highlight a rather contradictory cycling experiences as most respondents reported relaxed and happy experiences amidst unsafe and insecure environments. Respondents also reported less risky behavior and more protective behavior, which indicates the cyclists’ tendency towards road safety. The study concludes with policy insights on integrating cycling as part of urban mobility system.

Over the last two decades, most of the urban areas in India has experienced a major shift in travel demand due to rapid urbanization. As a consequence, a growing imbalance between vehicular demand and supply of road infrastructure has developed. In such situation, an increased use of bus transport service is often considered as an effective instrument for improving urban mobility. Previous works highlighted that the patronage of urban bus services depends not only on its service quality, but also on accessibility to this service by walk-mode. Realizing this fact, the government and various urban local bodies have advocated on the improvement of “first-and-last mile” connectivity to access urban bus stops as a part of transit-oriented development. Though several works highlighted the importance for improving pedestrian infrastructure on access roads, there has almost been no scientific insight into the suitable improvement of walk infrastructure components for the last-and-first mile connectivity. The current work examines such influence on urban bus patronages for their access-legs of trips by evaluating economic values.

A gender perspective on walkability-public transport integration assessment is significant. The assessment of the level of satisfaction with the integration of walkability-public transport adopted the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), followed by the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) to assist policymakers with influential assessment factors. The results showed that the walkability satisfaction index value reached 75%, a good assessment category. However, the performance gap value against the level of importance of women's assessment (-0.18) was greater than that of men, with a gap (-0.03). Eight parameters have a high level of importance, with low performance as the main priority for improvement: the level of service of the pedestrian path between D and E. The recommendations are to re-evaluate the need and capacity of pedestrian paths to prioritize pedestrian safety and the importance of walking for mobility and health.

This research employs the Social Force Model to investigate how pedestrians move during evacuations in unidirectional hallways, with a focus on bottleneck dynamics and crowd behavior. The results reveal the optimal distances at bottlenecks that enhance safety, efficiency, and pedestrian flow, facilitating smoother evacuation processes. These findings are instrumental in designing improved evacuation routes, enhancing infrastructure planning, and refining emergency preparedness measures. By analyzing pedestrian interactions and movement limitations, this study lays the groundwork for creating safer evacuation protocols, optimizing corridor layouts, and reducing risks in high-density pedestrian settings. The insights gleaned have significant applications for emergency responders, architects, and urban planners, aiming to develop more efficient and robust evacuation infrastructures. This research underscores the importance of incorporating data-driven strategies into safety planning to enhance pedestrian safety, mitigate potential bottlenecks, and strengthen emergency response capabilities.

In this study, we proposed an alternative discrete day-to-day dynamic traffic assignment model to capture the evolution of traffic flow after an unexpected network disruption. The model incorporates improved mechanisms for updating travelers' perceptions and learning processes, making it more effective in assessing day-to-day traffic dynamics under disruptive conditions—an aspect often overlooked in previous studies. The framework differs from traditional models in three key ways. First, it introduces a dynamic cost perception updating weight to adjust drivers' anticipation of traffic conditions during disruptions. This weight prioritizes predicted costs immediately after a disruption and gradually shifts to reflect up-to-date experiences as conditions stabilize. Second, the model employs the Exponential Moving Average (EMA) method for calculating perceived travel costs. Unlike conventional deterministic approaches, the EMA method accounts for travel inertia and emphasizes adaptive learning, allowing for smoother adjustments to disruptions. Third, it adopts a link-based network loading approach, avoiding the limitations of traditional path-based assignments. Numerical examples demonstrate the model’s flexibility and applicability. Applied to a simple test network, it effectively captured both short-term traffic fluctuations and long-term adaptations, highlighting its ability to handle disruptions and realistically model day-to-day traffic flow evolution.

Under the background of COVID-19 and the lockdown regime, China's transport industry was impacted by severe transport disruption, which significantly influences economic performance and CO2 emissions. This study focuses on 31 provinces in China as its research object. Firstly, the Data Envelopment Analysis was applied to study the changes in transportation infrastructure efficiency of three modes of transport, namely railway transport, road transport, and waterway transport, during the 10 years from 2014 to 2023, as well as the role of COVID-19 in them. Then, waterway transport, which has the highest total factor productivity, is targeted. Based on a model of CO2 emission, we proposed that CO2 emissions before and during COVID-19 be estimated. Through comparison and comprehensive analysis with other transportation indicators, the changes in CO2 emissions under COVID-19 and other factors affecting CO2 emissions were investigated to promote the efficient and sustainable development of the transportation industry.

Women work patterns and unpaid work hours undergo significant changes across life stages. This paper develops an activity time allocation model integrated interaction between spouses based on the Nested Logit model. Furthermore, it examines whether telework adoption and the mutual respect for individual activities between spouses contribute to increased women’s paid work hours. The model reveals that key factors reducing women's paid work hours include the number of children, the extent of the wife's unpaid workload, and her contributions to household members, such as supporting her husband's paid work activities. Simulation results indicate that when husband place less emphasize on his own individual activities, joint activity hours with their wives and children increases. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential benefits of integrating shared office spaces with pick-up and drop-off services to childcare facilities, which are expected to alleviate commuting burdens and promote a more balanced time allocation within households.

One of the primary reasons behind the slowest traffic in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is the absence of a structured mass transit system to cater to the travel demand of over 21 million people living in the city. This is the first study to explore the heterogeneity in the access and egress mode choice of the only metro rail transit (MRT) operating in the capital. The data for the study was collected through a questionnaire survey conducted at the 16 MRT stations. Walking, buses, and rickshaws are the most preferred modes for accessing and egressing from the metro stations. The bus's time value was almost 1.6 to 2 times greater while egressing from the stations than accessing. In general, the bus was found to be the mode for the poor and retired individuals, while the job holders and the female travelers preferred rickshaws.

In this paper, we have developed a multi-destination tourism consumption model for municipalities in Aichi Prefecture by utilizing the mobile location information of foreign visitors to Japan. We propose a model structure that combines a nationwide model that analyzes data at the prefectural level with an Aichi Prefecture model that analyzes data at the municipal level. We also used the developed model to analyze how tourism consumption in Aichi Prefecture would change if the operation pattern of the Tokaido Shinkansen Line were to be changed at the same time as the Nagoya opening of the Linear Central Shinkansen Line. The analysis revealed that tourism consumption would increase in places such as Toyohashi City, where Toyohashi Station is located, and Gamagori City, which is conveniently accessible from Toyohashi Station, but that it would not increase in places such as Toyota City, which is inconveniently accessible from Mikawa Anjo Station.

As travel behaviour in developing countries remains relatively unexplored, the present study aims to understand attitudes towards the environment, accessibility, convenience, and safety and their influence on individual travel behaviour. A questionnaire was designed and executed to generate a sample of 648 respondents from the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, between April and May 2021, and subsequently analysed. The results showed that attitudes were influenced by a combination of demographic factors (gender and age), travel related attributes including cost and time, and mode of transport used. Age and transport mode were found to be particularly influential in determining priorities for safety, environment and health, and accessibility, while gender differences are most evident in accessibility preferences. These findings highlight the importance of considering a range of demographic and behavioural factors when designing policies or interventions to address travel attitudes, to meet user needs and to promote sustainable transport systems.

In community ridesharing, where only members of the same community share rides, user preferences regarding matched partners can significantly impact the system’s success. This study examines the factors influencing matching preferences and their effect on ridesharing participation for both riders and drivers, with a focus on community ridesharing within a university campus. A stated preference survey was designed and conducted to develop matching preference models and use frequency models. The results indicate that, in addition to travel time and ridesharing fees, social similarities (e.g., gender and nationality) and the strength of relationships among users significantly influence matching preferences and ridesharing frequency. Notably, ridesharing frequency tends to increase and service sustainability is better supported when individuals with strong social ties or the same gender are matched (homophily effects). Furthermore, our results indicate that autonomous vehicles can increase ridesharing use, presumably because no communication with drivers is required.

Urbanization in Siem Reap city has developed significantly. Along with this development, the increasing number of tourists and vehicles has led to various urban challenges, while illegal parking is one of critical issue, which causing severe congestion, pedestrian safety and urban aesthetics of Siem Reap city. Objective of this study is to examine factors influencing and illegal parking behaviors around Pub Street, the most popular tourist and nightlife destination in Siem Reap. Data was collected through field investigations and interviews with drivers. The field investigation assessed the current situation regarding parking availability and regulations in the city. Questionnaire surveys were conducted with 101 parking users including motorcycle, paratransit drivers, car drivers, and street vendors to identify factors influencing illegal parking behavior and their concerns. Based on the findings, the study proposes recommendations to address these issues, improve the overall parking system, promote sustainable urban mobility, and enhance the visitor experience.

With the rapid growth of e-commerce, the parcel delivery logistics industry continues to expand. A key factor driving this growth is “corporate image”, which is conveyed through advertising. This study aims to analyze how shippers perceive corporate image through parcel delivery ads, helping companies enhance video quality while optimizing investment costs. Using the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) method, this study surveys advertisements from Taiwan’s four major parcel delivery companies, analyzing consumer perceptions of "Institutional Image," "Functional Image," and "Product Image." Findings include the importance of advertising memory, emotional storytelling, corporate logos, and promotional videos in shaping brand image. Price remains a crucial factor in choosing a logistics provider. By improving these aspects, parcel delivery companies can enhance consumer satisfaction, boost service quality, and strengthen their overall brand presence in the competitive logistics industry.

Transit service quality is a widely explored area in the literature. However, typical approaches to assessing transit service quality often rely on subjective weights for quality criteria, leading to bias and uncertainty. In this study, we developed an integrated transit service quality index to measure customers’ objective weights using the Entropy Weight Method (EWM). The Quadratic Regression was then employed to explore the relationship between customer satisfaction and transit ridership. Our results revealed a significant gap in customer satisfaction among transit lines. Lines with a high transit service quality index also exhibited high transit ridership. In other words, lines that provide better customer satisfaction levels have the potential to attract more customers. The findings provide transit authorities and practitioners with evidence to better understand the performance of transit lines and identify specific service quality criteria that need to be improved. The proposed transit quality index can be utilized as a strategic quality index to evaluate transit operational performance.

Robust transport connectivity is critical for ensuring access to education, especially for university students who have higher mobility needs and flexibility in choosing transport modes compared to other age groups. Building on a previous quantitative analysis by the researchers, which examined the factors influencing the transport mode choices of students at the University of the Philippines Diliman as they travel to, within, and from the campus, this research seeks to deepen understanding of the determinants influencing their mode choices with qualitative methods, such as online focus group discussions and mapping activities. These methods were employed to gain insightful perspectives on the relevant measures, policies, and investments necessary to enhance transportation services and infrastructure on campus. The findings underscore the importance of adopting bottom-up approaches in the university's land use development and infrastructure planning (LUDIP) efforts, as well as their role in promoting "inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all.”

This study is endeavors in sustainable public transportation services using affordable and simple autonomous vehicles (AVs),with resident cooperation for local governments with small budgets. A comprehensive risk assessment was conducted on the introduction of cart-type AVs in a rural village. Risks were categorized as “hard” (infrastructure-related) and “soft” (community cooperation-related). To assess hard risks, technical validations were conducted using a test course simulating local road conditions. Soft risks were examined through community workshops aimed at consensus-building and establishing shared rules. Findings emphasize the importance of fostering an environment where AV services are viewed as community-owned and residents actively participate in their implementation and operation. This resident-centered approach provides practical insights for municipalities facing demographic and financial constraints and supports broader dissemination of inclusive and cost-effective AV solutions.

In South Korea, although parking problems are highly serious, the legal standards for parking facilities have not been updated since 1996. This study analyzes parking and survey data using an ordinal logistic regression model to identify the factors influencing perceived parking difficulty among residents of multifamily residential complexes. It also examines how parking difficulty varies with the actual parking supply rate. Based on the findings, we propose an evidence-based parking standard for multifamily residential areas.

Promoting sustainable mobility is an effective approach to enhancing urban spatial optimization, improving transportation efficiency, and fostering public health. As a critical component of urban spaces, green space systems are believed to encourage citizens to adopt sustainable travel modes. This research utilizes personal travel survey data from Yokohama and Kawasaki, Japan, and applies multi-linear regression models to prove that green spaces significantly promote sustainable mobility. Further heterogeneity analyses were conducted on four sustainable travel modes—rail, bus, cycling, and walking—as well as on neighborhood parks and parks of different sizes. All the results demonstrate significant positive effects. This research provides empirical evidence to support local governments in enhancing urban green spaces and advancing sustainable mobility systems.

In the realm of urban transportation planning, strategies that actively shape user behavior are gaining significance. This research delves into the efficacy of an incentive-based initiative launched in Nagoya, Japan, utilizing the smartphone application "Nagoya Moove" to promote visits to designated urban districts. Through an examination of user engagement in incentive-fueled "Missions," this research identifies key factors influencing behavioral responses. A decision tree analysis revealed that proximity to the mission site, possession of railway commuter passes around the mission site, and the timing of the mission elucidate the participation and completion mechanism. Although incentives effectively spur visits, their impact appears to be most pronounced within users' ordinal activity zones. Missions scheduled during weekday daytime hours garnered the highest response rate, whereas weekend missions boasted a greater completion rate. These findings offer tangible insights for crafting incentives within urban mobility systems that foster activity in city centers.

Traffic congestion pricing is an economic tool widely used in big cities to manage urban traffic and reduce pollution. In Hanoi, rapid urbanization and increasing private vehicle ownership have exacerbated congestion issues. This study investigates road users' willingness-to-pay (WTP) and key factors influencing public acceptability of congestion pricing. Results from a stated preference (SP) survey show that 73.2% support congestion pricing, among which 29.5% will support under specific conditions. Key influencing factors include public transport quality and connectivity, transparent revenues usage, convenient payment systems, and reasonable toll rates. The average WTP for private vehicle users is 30,000 VND per trip, with higher acceptance among those with greater financial flexibility. However, concerns remain regarding a potential shift to motorcycles if congestion pricing is implemented without public transport improvements. These findings could provide useful recommendation to Hanoi's authorities as well as other similar cities in developing an effective congestion pricing program.

In many developed countries, the sustainability of public transportation has become a pressing issue particularly in suburban areas due to declining demand caused by population decrease and a shortage of drivers. This study applies Social Return on Investment (SROI) - a framework to promote stakeholder participation and mobilize resources—to public transportation and proposes an evaluation method for transportation in an era of decline. We focused on a community bus service introduced in a suburban area of Japan. A Theory of Change (ToC) was developed, and a questionnaire survey was conducted with support from a resident-led preparation committee. A total of 402 responses were collected, capturing perceived social, environmental, and economic impacts. We proposed an extended methodology for SROI that links the ToC conceptual framework with the SEM analytical framework. Using financial proxies from previous studies, the SROI was estimated at 26.2, indicating justification for investment in the community bus service.

This paper examines the impact of high-speed rail (HSR) development on economic activity in small and medium-sized cities in Japan that have local HSR stations. It also assesses the effectiveness of policies and other measures aimed at promoting settlement and industrial development in these areas. To achieve this, this paper analyzes changes in the number of business establishments and population over time and across municipalities with intermediate stations on the Tohoku Shinkansen line. Additionally, the paper categorizes and evaluate measures related to residential and business attraction, examining their relationship with the statistical trends. The municipalities are classified into two main groups: one experiencing declines in population, daytime population, number of establishments, and station ridership, and the other exhibiting growth in these indicators. The latter group is found to implement policies leveraging their HSR station, such as initiatives to attract residents and business.

Transport electrification can potentially reduce India’s transport-related emissions, however realizing national electric vehicle (EV) penetration targets by 2030 requires addressing barriers to adoption. This study examines the perceived enablers and barriers influencing EV adoption among existing electric vehicle owners and potential buyers across Indian cities. Five multi-criteria decision-making methods rank eighteen attributes into perceived benefits, barriers, operational challenges, and ownership benefits. Individual perceptions are recorded on a seven-point Likert rating scale. Findings indicate that low-fuel cost is the first-ranked motivator for both groups. Moreover, two-wheeler users prioritize the desire for advanced technology as an ownership benefit, while four-wheeler users value reduced noise and smooth driving experiences, reflecting usage differences. Existing users identify driving experience whereas potential buyers perceive safety concerns as the most critical barrier. User experience shapes EV adoption, requiring vehicle segment-specific policies. Improved charging infrastructure, and technology advancements are crucial to accelerating transition towards sustainable transportation.

This study examines the impact of the phased implementation of MRT Line 6 in Dhaka. A modal shift from private vehicles to MRT was confirmed, and rickshaw drivers near stations began lining up in response to increased passenger demand. This behavioral change was analyzed using behavioral economics and supported by field surveys and interviews. The findings show that informal transport providers can adapt their behavior when demand rises due to expanded public transit services.

Pedestrian safety in mixed traffic environments is a major concern, particularly in developing countries with diverse vehicle types and limited infrastructure. This study examines pedestrians' ability to estimate vehicle speeds and stopping distances at midblock crossings in Bhubaneswar, India. Two field experiments, each with 100 participants classified by age, gender, road-crossing frequency, and estimation point (kerb or median), recorded 1,174 speed and 1,038 stopping distance estimates. Results show that 61.58% of speed estimates were underestimated (mean error: -2.86 kmph), while 67.43% of stopping distances were overestimated (mean error: +15.21 m). Younger pedestrians and females underestimated speeds at higher speeds, while frequent road users showed improved accuracy in estimation. Nonlinear regression identified speed, gender, vehicle type, and estimation point as significant predictors. Males overestimated stopping distances at low speeds, while females underestimated at higher speeds. Findings highlight the need for public awareness programs and infrastructure improvements for safer crossings.

This study analyzes the impact of railway continuous grade separation projects on the population of station areas through statistical causal inference. The analysis targets railway sections completed after 1976 in regional cities of Japan. We estimated whether the population increased or decreased in the mesh surrounding the stations. The results indicated a positive effect, with an increase of approximately 120 people per square kilometer. However, the population growth rate was not statistically significant. When categorizing the results by the year of project completion, projects implemented in the late 1970s showed a significantly positive impact on the post-completion population, with this effect diminishing over time. Recent projects did not result in statistically significant population growth; however, a trend was observed indicating that the positive impact on the population was smaller compared to past cases.

Transport planning or strategies can be a "carrot and stick" approach. They can enhance the quality of sustainable transport modes while reducing the quality of non-sustainable transport through congestion fees, road pricing, and parking fees. In Southeast Asian countries, the vehicle ownership rate has been increasing annually, and one of the main reasons for this is likely the lack of a ‘stick' approach. This study focused on Luang Prabang city in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. As part of the project outcomes by the Japan International Cooperation Agency, the study included practical findings on parking reform. In conclusion, this study suggests implementing policies or regulations on maximum parking requirements and a parking fee scale for all types of parking to move towards a less reliant motorised city. Additionally, not only were policies and regulations established, but feasible enforcement is necessary in the context of Luang Prabang.

The policy of mobility restriction, as a response to the outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), had substantial implications for our daily lives and consequently affected our emotional well-being (EWB). While some Indonesian cities, especially Greater Jakarta as the epicenter of COVID-19 in Indonesia, planned to relax their mobility restriction policy in the last quarter of 2020, there is a question of how the EWB changes during the mobility restriction will influence activity participation after the lifting of the policy. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how EWB affected the intention to travel after the mobility restrictions were lifted. An online questionnaire survey was conducted in Indonesia in May of 2020 to collect respondents' personal and spatial characteristics, travel characteristics during and after the mobility restriction policy, their attitude towards the pandemic, and EWB. In investigating their relationship, a structural equation modeling was performed. The result showed that the number of days of isolation/quarantine had the effects of reducing EWB, reducing out-of-home activities, and increasing the intention to participate in out-of-home activities after lifting of the mobility restrictions. The decrease in out-of-home activities most likely reduces EWB and consequently the decrease of EWB is found to tend to influence people to travel more after the ending of the mobility restriction policy. In addition, the behavior required to prevent COVID-19 disease was also found to explain the attitude towards COVID-19. This study proposes several policies to mitigate the increase of travel demand following the mobility restriction period, which might reduce the possibility of more spreading of the COVID-19 disease.

Congestion has become the status quo for most commuters within the Kathmandu Valley; people have accepted it as a part of their daily commute. However, congestion is not insignificant; it engenders significant economic losses, ultimately weighing down the nation's development. Therefore, it is crucial for a nation to have an estimate of the total cost of congestion. Thus, this paper estimates the congestion cost along seven specific national and strategic urban road links within the Kathmandu Valley and models the relationship of the cost with key traffic parameters: speed and volume. The study reveals that congestion costs on the analyzed links in the Kathmandu Valley range from a minimum of USD 653.40 ¹(NPR 77,748.12)/ day /km/lane at the Satdobato-Gwarko link to a maximum of USD 2240.22 (NPR 266,564.66 )/day/km/lane at the Koteswor – Jadibutti link, with an average cost of USD 1525.69 (NPR 174,644.24)/day/km/lane.

In many countries, population growth and economic development are anticipated, necessitating the planning of transportation networks capable of accommodating future domestic intercity passenger transport demand. In doing so, it is required to design networks that ensure economic sustainability, in which operations can continue without ongoing government subsidies; environmental sustainability, characterized by low energy consumption and minimal environmental impact; and social sustainability, which promotes equitable service provision across different regions. To achieve these goals, it is important to appropriately integrate multiple transportation modes that differ in cost, speed, applicable distance range, and environmental burden, based on the geography and other conditions.

This study presents a comprehensive methodology to derive insights into the trade-off relationships among the different dimensions of sustainability, as well as the roles and appropriate shares of various transportation modes, through the implementation of a network optimization model that incorporates endogenous demand and fare structures under multiple carbon dioxide emission constraints, applicable to any specified geography. In order to demonstrate the output of this methodology, we conducted an example analysis on a hypothetical network inspired by Japan.

This study examines the impact of public transportation projects by considering the bus service areas and equity considerations for various groups in Mamminasata. Data were collected through interviews in bus corridors to understand activities, travel behavior, modes, and attitudes toward travel and residence. This study analyzed data from 837 residents and a seven-day diary using descriptive statistics. The demand for the bus with an incremental interval radius, ranging from bus stop at 1 km, 1.5 km, 2 km, is 0.12%, 0.47%, and 0.24%, respectively. However, even though the bus fare is uniform across income groups, the low-income group highest costs (IDR 1,157) or 19.09 percent higher when using bus, and 79.96% higher for ride hailing for one trip compared to private modes. The total number of trips in one week indicates that after private, ride hailing is used more for work trips, whereas buses are used more for leisure trips.

This study investigates the role of household escort providers in the Chukyo Metropolitan Region, focusing on the influence of population density and car dependency across different residential zones. Utilizing data from the 2011 Person Trip Survey, a hierarchical cluster analysis classified residential areas into urban, suburban, and rural categories. Subsequently, a binomial logistic regression analysis identified significant gender disparities in escort responsibilities, with women being disproportionately burdened. These disparities intensify in suburban and rural areas, where young mothers and parents of young children experience heightened escort obligations. The associated time constraints restrict employment opportunities and limit social engagement. The findings highlight the necessity of targeted mobility services to alleviate escort burdens, particularly for women in non-urban areas. Addressing these mobility challenges is essential to reducing gender inequalities and ensuring equitable access to extracurricular and educational opportunities for children.

Integrating ride-hailing (RH) services with public transport is crucial for improving multimodal mobility in Jakarta, yet driver perspectives remain underexplored. This study investigates how RH drivers perceive integration efforts, operational challenges near public transport areas, and preferred improvement strategies. Using survey data from 400 drivers in Jabodetabek and applying Multiple Correspondence Analysis, the study identifies three key mechanisms: formal–functional integration, spatial–operational burdens, and policy-driven improvement priorities. Findings reveal variation in perceptions based on work experience, rush-hour exposure, and travel distance. While some drivers support structured zones and app-based coordination, others prioritise flexibility and income predictability. Policy recommendations emphasise the importance of localised curb management, digital tool enhancements, and inclusive driver consultation. This study contributes to transport planning by positioning drivers as active stakeholders in Jakarta's multimodal integration.

As urbanization and environmental concerns rise, sustainable transportation is essential for cleaner cities, lower emissions, and equitable mobility. Active transportation (AT)—walking and cycling—supports healthier lifestyles, reduces environmental impact, and enhances urban livability. Despite extensive global research on AT behavior, a significant literature gap exists in understanding mode choice patterns across different regions, from Western countries to the Global South. While many studies have examined AT in developed nations, the unique socio-cultural perception, safety and security factors and infrastructural challenges of rapidly urbanizing cities in the Global South remain insufficiently explored. This study aims to bridge that gap by analyzing key factors influencing active transportation choices from 1,756 survey responses and Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) in Dhaka scenario, one of South Asia's fastest-growing megacities. The findings reveal that cultural norms, safety issues, and socio-economic conditions often outweigh infrastructure availability. Policymakers must adopt inclusive, safety-focused strategies that reshape societal perceptions and address region-specific barriers.

Several rail investments have been proposed to improve mass transportation in the Philippines. the government should consider alternative sources, such as land-based tools like land value capture (LVC), which capitalize increases in land values due to improved rail accessibility. This study assessess the impact of Metro Manila's Light Rail Transit Line 2 (LRT-2) on residential and commercial land values across key project phases using two econometric approaches: difference-in-difference (DID) to estimate the causal impact of rail station accessibility, and the hedonic pricing model (HPM) to evaluate how transport and neighborhood characteristics affect land value changes. The DID results indicate a positive treatment effect on commercial land values from 2018 to 2024, enough to cover project costs within at least a 0.5 km radius of market area. Meanwhile, HPM results show the highest assessed residential land value increases between 251 and 500 meters from rail stations, and the highest commercial value increases within 250 meters of stations, highlighting key areas for potential LVC implementation.