Starting from Sakhalin projects and following the production facilities establishment by Japanese companies in manufacturing industries in Russia investment relations between the two countries started expanding rapidly during the recent couple of decades. Today investment cooperation has reached a new development stage, which reveals not only quantitative, but also qualitative changes in the pattern of FDI flows, especially in terms of structure and technological level. The paper addresses the aspect of regional differences in the approach of Japanese investors toward projects in Russia. The comparison of the major macro-regions that attract Japanese investment (Far-Eastern and Western regions, including Central and North-Western Federal Districts) allows to reveal the critical differences in the industrial distribution that reflect specifics of economic development and investment climate of these territories. However, the Western and Eastern parts of Russia complement each other in terms of investment attraction and contribute to the development of multifaceted and diversified framework for investment cooperation between Russia and Japan.

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That Russia's real estate market, beginning with housing, has been developed along with Russia's market-oriented economic reforms is a truth that needs no mention. This study considers the development of Russia's urban housing market as observed from several measures by narrowing the focus to the measure of differences in household spending on housing. As a first research step, this paper uses the 2008 data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) for the purpose of clarifying the actual status of housing differences in Russia in the 2000s. With the development of the urban housing market and flow of workers into cities as the result of market-oriented economic reforms, inter-generational differences arose and the purchase of residential housing by young households in particular has become difficult. Interest rates on mortgage loans in Russia are still high, and for low income young families, loans are out of reach. Based on these circumstances, the government implemented policies to provide mortgage loan assistance to young families and promote housing purchases by young households. This paper approaches the effects exerted by such housing policies on residential housing purchases and home improvements by young households, the main purpose of which was increasing the volume of housing loans and housing construction, and attempts to look specifically at the housing problems directly confronting each generation, through clarification of the housing reality by generation based on the RLMS. As a result, it was understood based on several measures that housing differences between generations arose and that, depending on those differences, the housing problems faced by each generation varied. This difference in problems was caused by effects that resulted from the fact the timing of residential housing purchases was segmentalized as the result of a systemic transformation. The difference in particular between the generation that was able to remain in and privatize its housing from the Soviet era, and the generation that had to purchase homes through Russia's market economy, is substantial. In terms of its real estate industry, housing construction industry, housing remodeling industry, construction materials industry and rental housing circulation, the development of Russia's unique residential real estate market has occurred in response to the problems confronting each generation. On the other hand, this means the government must devise various housing policies to respond not only to development of the market but also to address each of the housing problems that differ between generations. That is, the government must shift away from a housing policy that emphasized only the promotion of housing purchases and housing construction, and move in the direction of (1) improving circulation of the existing housing stock and promoting systematic expansion of the rental housing market, (2) nurturing housing-related industries that will contribute to the quality aspect of the housing environment and formulating policies to assist this sector, and (3) implementing diverse policy support for not only young households but for each generation. This paper draws this conclusion from the housing demand bracket problem, based on an analysis of the RLMS.

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The objective of this study is to reconsider strategies for entering markets in emerging nations by analyzing entry into emerging nations based on Semi Knock Down (SKD) production and the approach adopted toward local sales and marketing. Using case studies of SKD production in Vladivostok, Russia undertaken by the automobile manufacturers SsangYong of the ROK and Toyota and Mazda of Japan, this study analyzed and examined each company's mode of entry and sales and marketing strategy. It ascertained that while SsangYong entrusts the whole of its SKD production to the local contractor, Mazda and Toyota of Japan have training staff leaders stationed there permanently to ensure thorough quality control; in addition, whereas SsangYong entrusts all of its sales and marketing to the local contractor, Mazda and Toyota have established wholly-owned subsidiaries to carry out local sales and marketing, demonstrating the importance that these companies attach to such activities.

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Russia has abundant gas resources located in direct proximity to China and is able to satisfy a significant share gas demand of the world's second largest economy. For long, Russia's attempts to enter China's rapidly growing gas market were to no avail. Despite the eventual conclusion of a long-negotiated Sino-Russian gas contract in May 2014, some uncertainties about Russia-China gas cooperation persist. The article addresses the Chinese gas market principal trends, examines Russia's current position as China's supplier and scrutinises Russia's China-bound gas export potential. The article explores whether Russia's interest to further expand in China's gas market can materialise and how Russia needs to act in order to attain this goal.

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South Korea has chronically recorded huge trade deficit with Japan. The excessively skewed trade towards a particular country can make bilateral trade undesirable and lead to inefficiencies because economic activity options of the country that is deeply dependent on another country are limited so much. This paper analyzes South Korea's industries exporting to Japan, reviewing bilateral trade relations between the two countries. The four categories can be obtained in Korea's industries exporting to Japan based on the classification of HS (Harmonized System): vigorous industries, stable industries, unstable industries, and declining industries. The development of the industries such as electrical machinery and equipment, and their parts etc. is recommended for Korea to reduce the trade gaps at the viewpoint that the industries can have strong potentials in Japanese market.

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