This study reveals the characteristics of urbanisation in China, which has started as a comprehensive socio-economic plan since 2014. It examines the ongoing urbanisation process from the perspectives of history, the size of city, village urbanisation and costs and benefits of the settlement of rural migrants in cities. The study argues that urbanisation in China is characterised by not only 'spatial urbanisation', which has been commonly observed in developed countries, but also 'institutional urbanisation'. Thus, it is imperative for the Chinese government to overcome the institutional barriers to achieve the goal of ideal urbanisation.

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This paper empirically examines Mongolia's growth performance from the perspective of its poverty-reducing and distributional characteristics over the period 2008-2012. The main findings are (i) absolute poverty in Mongolia has fallen, and poverty reduction has accelerated in boom years (2010-2012), (ii) Inequality has fallen in the period, but the inequality has stagnated during the boom, (iii) the poorer people have not suffered during the economic slowdown years (2007/08-2009) due to safety net programs of the government, including the cash transfer program, while the richer people have been more vulnerable to the economic condition, and (iv) the growth has been in general pro-poor. These results have important policy implications, including sustaining overall economic growth to further progress in poverty and inequality reductions and better-targeted social policies to improve the growth inclusiveness.

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The long historical relation of India-Mongolia was translated to diplomatic relationship in 1955, after three decades of Mongolia's independence. With the India's Act East Policy, the relation with Mongolia plays a critical role towards India's association with Northeast Asian countries. The volume of India-Mongolia trade has been growing at a faster pace since last decade. However, it is under performed than its potential level. The paper indicates that India and Mongolia have strong trade potential in petroleum products, iron and steel products, cements, pharmaceuticals, minerals etc. India has potentiality to invest in diversified areas of trade and social sectors. Trade and investment will be enhanced by reducing barriers to trade and need to have stronger monetary policy and stable business environment. Mongolian government has shown their concern towards attracting foreign investment in different areas along with mining. The stronger bilateral relation will help two countries to unlock their trade and investment potential with more regional accessibility.

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