A library of hundreds of metal oxide and metal sulfide photocatalysts has been constructed based on our original strategies of photocatalyst design that were metal cation doping, new valence band formation, and making a solid solution. Various single particulate and Z-scheme photocatalyst systems that are active in visible-light water splitting have been developed. By the doping strategy, SrTiO3:Rh,Sb and SrTiO3:Ir,Sb,Al of a single particulate metal oxide photocatalyst were developed for water splitting working under visible light irradiation. BiVO4 was developed for water oxidation to form O2 under visible light irradiation by the new valence band formation with Bi6s orbitals. Several types of a Z-scheme system have been constructed by using SrTiO3:Rh of a H2-evolving photocatalyst, BiVO4 of an O2 evolving photocatalyst, and a suitable electron mediator such as Fe3+/2+, Co(bpy)33+/2+, reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT). A CuGaS2-ZnS solid solution photocatalyst was active for sacrificial H2 evolution, and it was able to be applied to a Z-scheme photocatalyst with BiVO4 of an O2-evolving photocatalyst for water splitting without any sacrificial reagents. Novel cocatalysts such as Ag and Rh-Ru were found for photocatalytic CO2 reduction using water as an electron donor. Ag/NaTaO3:Ba and Rh-Ru/NaTaO3:Sr photocatalysts gave 90 % and 10 % of an electron-based selectivity for the CO2 reduction to form CO and CH4 accompanied with stoichiometric O2 evolution even in an aqueous solution under UV irradiation, respectively. A Z-scheme photocatalyst consisting of CuGaS2-ZnS and BiVO4 was active for the CO2 reduction to form CO with 12 % of the selectivity under visible light irradiation in an aqueous suspension system.
The cover art is attributed to an article entitled “Development of Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis Aiming at Carbon Neutrality” commemorated for the Society Award of Electrochemical Society of Japan (Takei Award) by Professor Akihiko Kudo. The authors liken chess pieces to the roles of photoelectrochemical catalysts. The three chess pieces hint at different “winning lines”: a straight thrust, a leap, and long-range coordination suggesting suitable crystal engineering for development of photocatalysts and photoelectrochemical cells with band engineering. In this light, they point to two strands of the work. One concerns material systems that combine visible-range absorption with efficient hole transport by creating a “new valence band,” exemplified by BiVO4 (Bi 6s) and SnNb2O6 (Sn 5s). The other concerns design approaches that steer photoexcited carriers in one direction through cascaded band alignment, including Z-scheme architectures such as the (CuGa)0.5ZnS2–BiVO4 couple for CO2 reduction with O2 evolution. Taken together, these motifs may be read as evoking a variety of “moves”: robust performance in single-phase materials and defect/doping control; the opening of new pathways through valence-band re-design; and, further, cascaded band alignment realized through solid solutions, heterojunctions, and electron mediators.
We propose an impedimetric biosensor using the bipolar phenomenon with an open bipolar electrode (oBPE). The oBPE platform offers a structurally simple and highly flexible design. The unique electrochemical biosensor consists of a BPE, driving electrodes for detection, and an electrolytic cell as its components. We employed non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to detect biomolecular events occurring on the BPE surface. The biosensor showed a 45 % increase in impedance at 2 kHz after bovine serum albumin adsorption onto the BPE surface. Additionally, the significance of solution resistance, which was uniquely defined by the distance between driving electrodes and a BPE, was demonstrated through changes in impedance. We used the detection system as an immunosensor to detect the binding of C-reactive protein (CRP) to antibody-modified BPE, based on changes in impedance. The biosensor detected the binding of CRP to antibody without the need for redox-active reagents or complex signal amplification steps. The biosensor showed a linear response to the concentration of CRP in the range from 0.001 to 1 µg/mL, comparable to that of conventional three-electrode systems. These findings demonstrate the potential of non-faradaic impedimetric biosensors with an oBPE for sensitive detection of biomolecular events in biochemical analysis.
The cover art is attributed to an article entitled “Development of Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis Aiming at Carbon Neutrality” commemorated for the Society Award of Electrochemical Society of Japan (Takei Award) by Professor Akihiko Kudo. The authors liken chess pieces to the roles of photoelectrochemical catalysts. The three chess pieces hint at different “winning lines”: a straight thrust, a leap, and long-range coordination suggesting suitable crystal engineering for development of photocatalysts and photoelectrochemical cells with band engineering. In this light, they point to two strands of the work. One concerns material systems that combine visible-range absorption with efficient hole transport by creating a “new valence band,” exemplified by BiVO4 (Bi 6s) and SnNb2O6 (Sn 5s). The other concerns design approaches that steer photoexcited carriers in one direction through cascaded band alignment, including Z-scheme architectures such as the (CuGa)0.5ZnS2–BiVO4 couple for CO2 reduction with O2 evolution. Taken together, these motifs may be read as evoking a variety of “moves”: robust performance in single-phase materials and defect/doping control; the opening of new pathways through valence-band re-design; and, further, cascaded band alignment realized through solid solutions, heterojunctions, and electron mediators.
Thin film solar cells using halide perovskite polycrystals as semiconductors are entering the stage of factory production after their power conversion efficiencies have rapidly improved to 27 %, reaching a level comparable to the highest efficiency of single-crystalline Si solar cells. To ensure stable high efficiency and long device life, further studies on the photovoltaic performance are focused on molecular level improvement of hetero junction interfaces for efficient charge transports. Among inverted p-i-n junction devices which are becoming a major structure in the perovskite photovoltaics, the device using SAMs (self-assembled monolayers) in place of hole transport layer has succeeded in obtaining high efficiencies equivalent to conventional n-i-p devices, Interface molecular engineering, including SAM-based modified interfaces, is essential for reducing charge recombination loss and enhancing photovoltage in power generation. This paper presents research progress on interface engineering for high voltage device performance and our recent efforts to design new structures of perovskite solar cell with SAM-modified hetero-junction interfaces.
The cover art is attributed to an article entitled “Advances of Perovskite Solar Cells: Interface Engineering to Achieve High Photovoltage Performance” by Prof. Tsutomu Miyasaka et al. selected as an Editor’s Choice for the 72nd Special Feature, “Research Frontiers of Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion and Photocatalysis” recommended jointly by the guest editors from The Photoelectrochemistry Research Group and the editorial board. It synthesizes and advances a rapidly industrializing field: halide-perovskite thin-film photovoltaics now achieving 27% power conversion efficiency, rivaling single-crystalline Si. The authors present compelling evidence that interface molecular engineering—especially SAM-modified heterojunctions in inverted p-i-n architectures—delivers efficiency on par with conventional n-i-p devices and lead to cost reduction with simplified layer structures. The work combines clear mechanistic insight with practical design rules and proposes new device structures directly relevant to scalable manufacturing and long-term stability. Its originality, rigor, and translational impact make it an outstanding contribution worthy of recognition. This cover art was created and published with financial support from The Electrochemical Society.
Transition metal-doped colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are promising candidates for dual-mode imaging due to their tunable optical properties and potential magnetic functionalities. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of Mn2+-doped AgGaS2 (AGS) and ZnS-alloyed Ag–Ga–S (AGZS) QDs via a one-pot heating-up method. Upon Mn2+ incorporation, both AGS and AGZS QDs exhibited two distinct photoluminescence (PL) peaks originating from the host QDs and doped Mn2+ ions, with the relative intensities tunable by varying Mn2+-to-total metal cation ratio in the precursor (Mn2+/cationpre). The AGZS QDs prepared with Mn2+/cationpre ratio of 1.1 % exhibited a high PL quantum yield of 45 %, with 40 % of the emission attributed to the d-d transition of Mn2+ ions (4T1 → 6A1). Time-resolved PL measurements revealed efficient energy transfer from excitons in the host QDs to doped Mn2+ ions, contributing to enhanced Mn2+-related emissions. Surface passivation with a ZnS shell followed by ligand exchange with 3-mercaptopropionic acid allowed stable dispersion of AGZS QDs in aqueous media while retaining optical properties. Since the Mn2+-doped QDs also exhibited paramagnetic behavior, we investigated the performance of Mn2+-doped AGZS QDs as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The intensity of the T1-weighted MRI signal increased with an increase in the content of doped Mn2+. These results demonstrate that Mn2+-doped AGZS QDs are promising single-component dual-mode (PL/MRI) nanoprobes for biomedical imaging applications.
The cover art is attributed to an article entitled “Tuning Photoluminescence and Magnetic Properties of Ag–Ga–S and Zn–Ag–Ga–S Quantum Dots via Mn2+ Doping” by Prof. Tsukasa Torimoto et al. selected as an Editor’s Choice for the 72nd Special Feature, “Research Frontiers of Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion and Photocatalysis” recommended jointly by the guest editors from The Photoelectrochemistry Research Group and the editorial board of Electrochemistry. In this article, the authors report the first synthesis of Mn2+-doped AgGaS2 and Ag–Ga–Zn–S quantum dots (QDs) via a one-pot method. These QDs were low in toxicity, and the Mn2+-doping improved their photoluminescence quantum yield to as high as 45%. The doping also rendered the QDs paramagnetic and readily detectable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Therefore, those QDs are promising as nanoprobes for both photoluminescence- and MRI-based bioimaging.
A model photocatalyst composed of n-type GaN thin film as a photocatalyst body with a comb shaped electrode composed of Pt layer or Pt/Ti bilayer on the surface was successfully prepared, and photocatalytic and electric properties are investigated. Current-voltage (I-V) curve measurements revealed the formation of Schottky contact between Pt comb and GaN, and ohmic contact between Pt/Ti comb and GaN. In the reaction tests, the GaN model photocatalyst with a Pt/Ti comb showed about three times increased hydrogen evolution rates over the photocatalyst with a solely Pt comb. Under irradiation, about 0.2 V photovoltage at Pt-GaN interface was observed, which prevents electron transfer from the GaN photocatalyst body to Pt cocatalyst, while the photovoltage was eliminated by the introduction of a Ti layer between the Pt and GaN. In-situ photoluminescence (PL) measurement in oxygen ambient confirmed smooth transfer of photoexcited electrons in GaN to Pt/Ti comb, and the degree of quenching indicates efficient charge separation at the working potential. Furthermore, the filling of mid-gap states by electrons was also observed.
The article entitled “Effects of ohmic contact formation between GaN photocatalyst and Pt cocatalyst” by Prof. Tsutomu Minegishi et al. selected as an Editor’s Choice for the 72nd Special Feature, “Research Frontiers of Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion and Photocatalysis” recommended jointly by the guest editors from The Photoelectrochemistry Research Group and the editorial board of Electrochemistry. In this article, the authors have investigated GaN thin films as a model photocatalyst system and successfully monitored the electrode potentials of GaN and cocatalysts under light irradiation in aqueous media. Notably, the use of a Pt/Ti bilayer cocatalyst was found to eliminate the Schottky barrier between GaN and Pt, resulting in the formation of an ohmic contact. The insights provided by this article into the electric interactions at the semiconductor/cocatalyst interface under operational conditions is highly valuable for the research in photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting.
Cyclic Voltammetry Part 1: Fundamentals
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