Partitioning of trace elements between abiotic and biotic minerals (carbonates and sulfates) and aqueous solutions was theoretically considered. The effects of diffusion in aqueous solution, rate of precipitation, and physical properties of crystals (ionic radii, Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus) on the partitioning are discussed. Some examples of application of the partitioning of trace elements to environmental problems are given.

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Evaporation and condensation played a major role in producing chemical and/or isotopic variations in the early solar system, which have been recorded in primitive meteorites. Experimental studies on evaporation and condensation of various planetary materials have started in 1970's to reproduce chemical compositions and textures of constituents of primitive meteorites. In a recent decade, many evaporation experiments of minerals and melts have been carried out to obtain fundamental kinetic parameters and to comprehend the chemical (or isotopic) fractionations in the early solar system in terms of evolution. Experimental simulation of evaporation and condensation in the solar system should be combined with isotopic or chemical analyses of meteorites and observational and theoretical studies of the proto-planetary disk for complete understanding of the early solar system chemical evolution. The history of experimental studies of evaporation and condensation under the early solar system conditions and some recent progresses are reviewed in this paper.

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