Aerobic gymnastics require various movements under rhythm and time constraints. In particular, since the skill or skill of bouncing (Bounce), which forms the basis of many movements, is reflected in the level of skill achievement and score, it is important to clarify how highly competitive athletes manipulate their bodies. This study focused on the swing leg of the bounce action for 5 flight aerobics athletes (AG) and 7 collegiate handball players (HA). From the viewpoint of performance as a scoring game, it was made that kinematic features of knee and ankle joint and features of the ankle joint plantar flexion action were clarified to be a purpose. The angles and torques of the knee and ankle joints were calculated based on high- speed images measured by the MAC3D system using leg curl and knee lift measurements at 135 and 145 bpm. In the knee joint angle of the knee lift in 135 and 145 BPM, there was the difference in the kinematics to reach there in the time series of torque and joint angle, though there was no large difference in the joint angle in both groups. At the ankle angle of the leg curl at 135 and 145 BPM, the AG group was controlled to keep it in the plantar flexion position immediately after the start of movement. The AG group maintained the plantar flexion position of the ankle joint immediately after the start of movement, even at the ankle joint of the knee lift at 135 and 145 BPM. By demonstrating the plantar flexion torque in the timing from the middle to the latter half of the action, the execution of the optional ankle joint plantar flexion action was carried out. The AG group was controlled to maintain the ankle joint in plantar flexion immediately after the start of movement.

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[Aim] This study’s aims were to develop an evaluation scale for movements in Radio Taiso (Radio Exercise) No. 1 and to examine its content validity and reliability. [Participants] Ten instructors with a Radio Taiso Instructor Certificate I participated in an examination of the content validity of the scale. To measure the reliability of the scale, ten younger adults and ten older adults performed Radio Taiso No. 1. Their performance was evaluated by three instructors with the Radio Taiso Instructor Certificate I. [Methods] The content validity of the scale was established by comparing relevant literature and extracting perspectives of evaluating movements in Radio Taiso No. 1. A pilot scale was created based on the identified perspectives. The scale was then used in a questionnaire survey, which was conducted by the mailing method. The reliability of the scale was established by calculating a kappa coefficient for intra-rater and Cronbach’s α coefficient for inter-rater reliability. [Results] The content validity and reliability of the movement evaluation scale were verified. The scale comprised a total of 92 items, and could yield a maximum score of 276. [Conclusion] This study developed an evaluation scale for movements included in Radio Taiso No. 1. The scale could help observe and evaluate movements in detail. Furthermore, its content validity and reliability were verified.

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The object of this study is to check up how to teach children on the pair exercises / pyramid exercises in accordance with their actual state through formative evaluation of the teaching and by elucidating the tightness of the exercises felt by children. The subjects were 517 the 6th graders of elementary school and 16 of teachers who taught them. Surveys were carried out with different format of anonymous self-administered questionnaires separately for children and teachers. As a result, the teaching was highly evaluated with level 4 or higher in all the details and overall judgement in the formative evaluation, showing that the subject children in this study highly evaluated the teaching of this pair exercises / pyramid exercises. At the same time, it was shown that 65.3 % of the children felt the tightness of the pair exercises / pyramid exercises ; female children felt more tightness than male children. Twelve categories of factors which make the pair exercises / pyramid exercises tight were extracted: the major ones were, “Being foundation” of the pyramid, and “Body pain”. Significant differences between the sexes were found in “Pain of being ridden on”, “Hotness” and “Fear”. More female children answered this way than male children.

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This study aimed to examine the effects for instruction of knowledge and movement on problem-solving in the fifth-grade elementary school endurance running unit. The data were analyzed from three perspectives: problems and problem-solving methods in students' motor learning, ability to maintain a running pace, and attitude toward endurance running. The results indicated three main findings: 1) Instruction of Knowledge and movement in the endurance running unit is expected to to encourage students to acquire knowledge, use it to devise movement, and identify and find solutions to their problems. 2) Instruction of Knowledge and movement affected the ability to maintain a running pace. 3) The endurance running unit was positively received and highly evaluated by the students.

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This study aimed to examine the structure of practical knowledge possessed by skilled instructors in parent–child gymnastics class, focusing on how they work with parents. An interview survey was conducted with one skilled instructor, and the results were interpreted with a phenomenological attitude.It was found that the skilled instructor thought that the circulation of the parent–child interaction was necessary for the activities in the parent–child gymnastics class. The results also showed that the skilled instructor believed that the cycle of parent–child interaction was necessary in the parent–child gymnastics class activities.In addition, it was inferred that the skilled instructor acquired practical knowledge by using two perspectives: one in which they entered the world of the parents and children as instructors and became actively involved, and the other in which they observed the parents and children objectively.

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The aim of this study was to obtain basic knowledge, (1) to draft a balancing exercise program on an unstable support surface realized by using JP cushion (three dimensional reticulate structure) which induces active fluctuation, targeting university students, and (2) to verify the immediate effect of the exercise on the static and dynamic balancing ability by having healthy students try the devised exercise program. The subjects were 113 of university students (male 75 and female 38). The items to verify were query concerning the exercise program and query concerning duration of balance keeping in a standing posture on one-leg, and gravity center fluctuation before and after the practice of the exercise program. The duration of balance keeping on one-leg and gravity center fluctuation were measured under four different conditions: standing with and without vision on the floor, and standing with and without vision on the JP cushion.As for the query about the exercise program, the overall evaluation by the whole subjects showed that the level of achievement was, 99.85±0.04% for the beginning level exercise, 97.64±0.15% for the middle level exercise and 89.23±0.31% for the advanced level exercise. This result indicates that the level was properly set for the program task. On the other hand, degree of interest was 3.62±0.90, and the difficulty level was 3.24±1.29.Concerning the duration of balance keeping on one-leg, a significant difference was observed in the duration of balance keeping on JP cushion without vision. The performance ability improved by 17.94% in all subjects, 14.60% in male subjects and 24.57% in female subjects.Concerning the gravity center fluctuation in one-leg balance keeping, the total trajectory length reduced significantly by 12.21%, 13.42%, 7.83% and 20.41% under the above 4 conditions in all subjects, respectively, but no significant difference was observed for the dimension of an outer circumference area.Because of the above results, we concluded that the exercise program on an unstable support surface realized by using JP cushion generates students’ motivation for the movement and is effective in improving the static and dynamic balancing ability.

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Children's decrease of physical strength is indicated in various places and practice for developing physical strength is carried out. As a result, some items are improving little by little. For developing physical strength, "enjoyable" and "easy to do" are said to be effective. These years, "sport stacking" is being implemented as sport or recreation for children. "Sport stacking" was introduced to Japan in 2005 and is sport or recreation prevailing by degrees. There are "sport stacking" as competitive sport and "stacking play" using cups of sport stacking and enjoyable as a play being implemented now. This time, I consider the possibility of using "stacking play" by making infants and children practice this. Future problems will be studies indicating objective figures and expanding the activity by people other than children, etc.

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