The purpose of this study was to clarify, through interviews, the instruction philosophy of university gymnastics instructors from lesson contents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight instructors (four male and four female) who have been teaching gymnastics in university physical education classes for over 10 years, and the content was analyzed based on the Modified-Grounded Theory Approach. The gymnastics instructors’ views on teaching were found to consist of four elements: 1) physicality (confronting the exerciser's own body and mind), 2) competence (eliciting the exerciser's "can do" attitude), 3) autonomy (To support an attitude toward exercise in which the exerciser takes the initiative), and 4) relatedness (relating to others). The results suggest that university physical education gymnastics classes are places that bring awareness about the value of exercise, not in comparison with others, and satisfy basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and relatedness).

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This study examined the exercise tasks of Haltungsschulung at the Sport und Gymnastik Schule Kiedaisch, a German gymnastics school. Each of the twelve different exercise tasks, which were performed as the final examination of the Haltungsschulung course, were analyzed and described from ten technical perspectives. Based on the above descriptive analyses, the characteristics and expected effects of the Haltungsschulung exercise tasks can be summarized as follows: A) The static elements of the exercise tasks involve in maintenance of the posture. This allows the practitioner not only learns an appropriate posture with good balance but also comprehensively improves the muscle strength and coordination necessary to maintain an appropriate posture. B) The dynamic elements of the exercise tasks involve movements at his/her timing in a slow speed. This allows him/her to acquire the sense of extending the limbs and the entire body while checking the posture of the task in the slow movement. As a result, smooth movements at each joint can be elicited, and appropriate movements with such smooth movements, or high-quality movements, can be cultivated.

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In this study, the subjects were infant and their mother. Walking indoor and outdoor, rhythmic calisthenics (indoor) with infants in carrier, each exercise was performed for 15 minutes, five times. The purpose of this study was to clarify by example the average heart rate and mother’s psychological change during the exercise and to obtain basic information on how to put the infant to sleep using exercise. From these results, it was found that when the mother did gymnastics, it is thought that the up, down, left and right rocking music that matched the rhythm of music lulled the infant to sleep. Comparison to TDMS-ST records before and after exercise showed a significant differences in one factor (Vigorous) in rhythmic calisthenics and two factors (Pleasant and Arousal) became significant by three performing exercise, and mother's effects were observed after exercise. In short, it has been suggested that it may be possible to lighten the psychological burden of the mother.

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Background: With Japan's declining birthrate and aging population, the development of more effective prevention of long-term frailty programs is an important issue. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of our company's 3-month group-based exercise program for community-dwelling older adults. Study design: The study design is a single-center, pre-post design. Methods: The subjects were 34 community-dwelling older adults over 65 (mean age 78.7±5.4 years) participating in a short-term school to prevent frailty in Miyazaki City. The menu of the group-based exercise program consisted of seating exercise and standing exercise, floor exercise. The 30 second chair stand test (CS-30), one-leg stand time, Timed Up & Go test (TUG), 2-step test, and grip strength were measured and compared before and after the group-based exercise program was started. Results: The results showed a statistically significant difference between CS-30 and TUG (p<0.001, p<0.05). Conclusions: Our group-based exercise program was suggested to be effective for the prevention of long-term frailty by improving leg muscles and walking ability. The effectiveness of this group-based exercise program should be examined in future comparative studies with a control group.

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