Patterning was done by the electron beam lithography to form the micro cavity to tantalum (Ta), and it processed it by the reactive ion etching. The tantalum that ground this size specular was used as a reference, it set up in the heat source of silicon carbide (SiC), and it heated it to 1,400 degrees. As a result, it was confirmed that radiation strength of visible light rose, the infrared rays radiation spectrum shifted to the short wavelength or more side, and radiation strength had decreased.

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As for the compact self-ballasted fluorescent lamp which is the incandescent lamp alternative illuminant being born in 1980, later, for miniaturizing the lamp to presently various efficiency improvements were formed, the compact self-ballasted fluorescent lamp which in 2004 miniaturizes appearance size to incandescent lamp equal size was developed & was merchandised, but it was something where still strange feeling remains vis-a-vis the incandescent light, in form and the method et cetera of shining. This time, with identical shape with the incandescent lamp same as the incandescent lamp to clasp basis in 60W class leading the world, it developed & merchandised the compact self-ballasted fluorescent lamp which radiates. You express concerning the development summary.

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The lumen maintenance of circular fluorescent lamps are depended on reactions of sodium and mercury. For protection of the reactions,we evaluated coating glass methods. We found that silica protective coating was the effective method of improve the lumen maintenance of lamps. Because phospher layers are tend to peel off from the surface of thicker than 1micromater protective layers of alumina on glass at heating the tube . But new silica coating is not peeling off if that coating thickness are thicker than 2micrometer. And silica layers protected sodium diffusion to phospher layer from glass surface.Then the lumen maintenance of circular fluorescent lamps increased 5-10% than conventional lamps.

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UV sometimes cause the glass for fluorescent lamp solarisation. But the evaluation method takes much time.Because making lamp, using lamp,and after that,we can evaluate the lamp.So,it is hoped that we can evaluate the only glass in more short time. In this study we investigate the methods using X-ray and UV. X-ray caused the glass contained Sb and Ce the same phenomenon as lamps.But caused the glass containd Sb the different phenomenon. So the use of the evaluation method using X-ray is limited. Next,we evaluated the glass containd Sb by the method using UV. It caused the glass the same phenomenon as lamps.And we found that the irradiation of UV in short time correspond to the lamp used in long time.

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A laser-induced fluorescence technique was applied to make measurements of temporal and spatial distributions of Ba atoms in the vicinity of the electrode of a fluorescent lamp operated at DC and AC 60 Hz. Ground state Ba atoms were excited to an upper level by an UV laser beam, then the subsequent fluorescence was detected. Ba atoms are emitted mainly from the hot spot of the filament electrode. It is suggested that the main factor of Ba atoms emission from the electrode is due to not an ion bombardment but a thermal evaporation.

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This development product is the equal charateristic to the self-ballasted compact fluorescent lamps of 60W type,and it gets illumination right under T-type 5W night light by using LED. Therefore it is a product having a function as a night light.

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We developed compact fluorescent lamp that there is electronic ballast in the cap. It is a slim lamp, and it comes to be able to develop the luminaries such as thin stands.

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Recently. a liquid crystal TV market spreads rapidly. It largely extend demand for cold cathode fluorescent tube (I say CCFL as follows) used as a backlight source of liquid crystal. As for CCFL for liquid crystal TV, A longevity life is strongly demanded, and improvement of luminance life is necessary. About improvement of luminance life, it is said to be 1) deterioration of a phosphor by ultraviolet rays, 2) a cover of visible light by mercury with a general fluorescent tube a luminance decrease factor by lighting, and a device to get the protection film on the glass tube inside as the remedy is done. However, mechanism of a luminance decrease is not yet elucidated in CCFL. At first, as an experiment to elucidate mechanism of a luminance decrease, I confirmed behavior of luminance life a single color lamp and three colors lamp. I confirmed that a result, luminance life of three colors and a blue single color lamp were low. When I compared life of a spectrum of 545nm that are a green color wavelength of three colors lamp with a green single color lamp it was able to confirm that luminance life of three colors lamps was low. From the above-mentioned result, we predicted that the mercury which adsorbed it to a blue phosphor disturbed the emission of light of other phosphor. As a result of having coated a blue phosphor, for luminance life improvement, CCFLs was able to improve luminance life.

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Recently, the starting voltage rises because the length scale making is advanced to backlight Cold Cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) because of the enlargement of liquid crystal TV. Because the decrease of the starting voltage was able to be enabled by making it to the mixed gas of Ne-Ar-kr in this report.

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Silica glass is devitrificated under high temperature and active chemical materials environment. It is known that the devitrification is affected by impurity concentration or such another environmental condition. But precise mechanism of devitrification has not been clear. The authors have examined the influence of the devitrification of silica glass by reaction of the silica glass and a piece of Sodium Chloride crystal at the various vitreous silica sample, temperatures and the dwell time; the depth of devitrification, EPMA analysis of the surface and the crystal structure was determined.

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Silica glass is devitrificated under high temperature and active chemical materials environment. It is known that the devitrification is affected by impurity concentration or such another environmental condition. But precise mechanism of devitrification has not been clear. The authors have examined the devitrification on the various silica glasses and found out that the devitrification depth under the temperature over 1050 degree depend on the chlorine concentration in silica glasses. Under the high chlorine concentration the devitrification is suppressed.

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The positive column expands in the direction of the diameter by arranging an external electrode on the wall outside the xenon fluorescent lamp. Luminous flux increases because it can flow more currents with diffusion maintained. However, the phenomenon in plasma is uncertain concretely. Then, a metastable atom density of the xenon was measured. Moreover, power consumption by an external electrode was suppressed and making to highly effective was tried.

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In recent years, abolition of an environmental toxic substance is called for in various fields from the point of environmental preservation. If it says about a lamp, losing use of mercury will be mentioned as the first subject.In this research, the color rendering of the lamp was examined, and it evaluated it as a lamp.

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In these days, mercury is used for the main ultraviolet rays source of light. However, there are strong needs to reduce harmful mercury because of the bad influence on environment. The authors investigated the ultraviolet rays source of light that used iodine-xenon gas mixture.
Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) is used as a lighting method. A molecular spectrum of the iodine is strongly radiated when the gas pressure of the xenon is almost equal to the vapor pressure of the iodine. A molecular spectrum of XeI is strongly radiated when the gas pressure of the xenon is higher than the vapor pressure of the iodine.

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Because argon metastable levels (11.5 eV and 11.7 eV) lie near nitrogen C³Π_u level (11.05 eV), which is upper state of 2nd positive band, energy transfer from argon metastable to nitrogen C³Π_u state is expected in the nitrogen-argon discharge. However, there is another problem that the amount of nitrogen molecule decreases during discharge, which is confirmed from decrease in intensity of nitrogen molecule emission. The mechanisms of decrease in nitrogen molecule are under investigation.

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A cluster lamps are an incandescence lamps which realizes excellent color rendering by high luminescence efficiency and the continuous spectrum in order to heat the cluster (ultrafine particle-like metal) formed in electric discharge space and to carry out incandescence radiation at the high temperature more than abbreviation 4000 K.Authors are examining the kind and the amount of enclosure of the cluster formation material (oxidization metal) enclosed with the luminescence pipe of a cluster light source, cluster formation auxiliary material (halogenation thing), and electric discharge gas (rare gas).

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It is important to grasp the relationship between the induced coupling plasma characteristics and the operating frequency for increasing the lamp efficiency. In this paper, we report the relationship of the electron temperatures of the electrode-less plasma to the position in the plasma. We measured the electron temperature and electron density of the plasma operated at 135 kHz. As the result, we find out the following things. (1) The electron temperature of the plasma doesnot depend on the measurement point. (2) The electron density of the plasma decreases as the measurement point is far from cavity.

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The filament condition of fluorescent lamp which is dimmed by the inverter ballast has not been grasped clearly. If we could grasp it, we could design the reliable fluorescent lamp system easily. Then we studied if the fluorescent lamp system could be expressed by the simple electric circuit. As the result, we grasped the fluorescent lamp system could be expressed by the simple circuit of resistance and inductance for a operating system. We will confirm this simple circuit could be used for the other types of operating system.

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We developed the neutral point type step-down inverter which was an electronic ballast of a one converter method last year. There were problems to a converter part of the inverter circuit. Because I improved an input current waveform this time about this converter circuit, I report it.

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In recent years, various types of equipment have become more intelligent. In this research, we propose an intelligent lighting system for providing the necessary illuminance to a desired location and develop autonomous distributed optimization algorithm which enables advanced lighting control. Verification tests were conducted using the algorithm in consideration of correlation of lighting and illuminance sensors, and the results showed that the actual illuminance converged to the target illuminance. We also confirmed that the algorithm can respond adaptively to environmental changes and is effective for energy saving.

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In recent years, various types of equipment have become more intelligent. In this research, we propose an intelligent lighting system for providing the necessary illuminance to a desired location and intelligent lighting system by centralized control which enables advanced lighting control. The result of an experiment showed that the actual illuminance converged to the target illuminance. We also confirmed that the algorithm can respond adaptively to environmental changes and is effective for energy saving.

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Since a white light source of 125 LPW that is extremely high efficiency was developed by the following three approaches, we report in this paper. 1) Selection of high efficiency material as luminescence substance. 2) Long and narrow discharge tube design which fully draws out luminescence characteristic of materials. 3) Discharge tube design that reduces heat loss.

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Attendant upon the energy-saving oriented of recent years, instead of the mercury lamp, high colour rendering and high efficacy ceramic metal halide lamp with used translucent alumina for the arc tube is more increasing. In this report, it reports concerning the development of the 230W ceramic metal halide lamp fits to the 250W mercury lamp ballast. First, the arc tube of thermal loss is more less than the combined arc tube was adopted, and the size-form was optimized. In addition, from metal halides for the metal halide lamp of quartz type, 4 types were selected. With NaI and TlI, the spectrum was concentrate on the peak vicinity of spectral luminous efficacy, DyI₃ and TmI₃ was obtained the continual spectrum to all visible region. We achieved high efficacy 108lm/W and high colour rendering Ra80 without increasing the bulb wall loading of the arc tube by optimizing these composing enclosed amount.

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Having well-balanced characteristics compared to the standard metal halide lamps (MHLs) among the efficiency, the color rending and the life, ceramic metal halide lamps (CMHLs), of which output ranges from 20W to 400W, have been distributed into the market. The low output CMHLs have been used as lighting sources in the stores, and the middle output ones for commercial facilities, factories and roads, however, the high output CMHLs have been not yet on sale in spite of market requirements. We have developed the high output CMHL, which can be lit with ballast for 700W mercury lamp, by optimizing the arc tube shape, electrodes and doses. This new high output CMHL has superior characteristics better than standard MHL on the efficiency, the color rending and the life, and also has the double safeties, fuse and outer quartz tube, against arc tube burst.

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Generally the high-pressure mercury lamp has used as a light source for projectors. The comparatively large-size and low luminosity light source is sealing by the reflector and the front glass, for example, the light source for projection TV. However, the light source for front projectors which required small-size and high luminosity is not sealed unexceptional. When a luminescence pipe explodes, it is difficult for the non-sealed light source to prevent scattering of mercury and shattered glass completely. We study about small, sealing, and high-luminosity light source for projectors.
About 130W of inputs is a limit for sealed light source of the projectors because of the problem of luminescence pipe cooling. However, we found out the possibility of a high luminosity, small-size, and sealing light source by the development of a four-layer structure reflector.

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We studied how to reduce the flicker of super high pressure mercury lamps for the liquid crystal projectors. We select 6 types of the lamp current wave shape to supply the lamps and examined how it acts on them. As the results, the lamp operation by the standard rectangular wave shape of current causes the lamp flicker however the pulse current on the rectangular wave shape reduces the lamp flicker.

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Recently, several electorodeless fluorescent lamps have been developed for little maintenance, energy saving, and a reduction of environment load. But there is no 20,000 lm class light output electrodeless fluorescent lamp, whose output is an equivalent of 400W mercury lamp, that is mainly for relatively wide space. This time, 20,000 lm light output, which is an equivalent of 400W mercury lamp, electrodeless fluorescent lamp with high efficacy and long life is believed to contribute a reduction of CO2 emission. It is expected development of newly purposes by instant starting and restarting which are hard to high intensity discharge lamps.

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A study of high power and high efficiency ballast for electrodeless lamp.

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Night sky brightness caused by the spill light from outdoor lighting results not only light pollution but also waste of energy. Outdoor lighting was investigated by Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan in 1996. In the research, observation was conducted by specialists to determine the kind of lighting fixtures and the total upward flux had to be calculated. In this study, the upward flux is calculated from the reflectance of cloud, night sky luminance and cloud heights. By this simple method,it is possible to determine upward flux for non-specialists.

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In the index that shows the distribution of light in the lighting space, there is sphered illuminance. It is hesitated to say that a concrete computational method has been established though the definitional equation of the average sphere illuminance is given about sphered illuminance. Then, sphered source of light is divided into a triangular source of light this time, and it reports on the method of the solid corner projection's deriving sphered illuminance by using the law and the spherical triangle because it examined it.

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In order to measure illuminance in classroom environments and evaluate the perception of luminous classroom environments, a simultaneous multi-points illuminance measurement system was constructed. The authors have worked on evaluating the visual environment such as illuminance in classroom environments with liquid crystal projectors1.

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Discretely Directional Luminous Vector Calculated By Endless Regular Polygonal Prism was introduced to Visualize Lighting Field.

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Student's satisfaction was measured to assess the collegiate lecture room environment and to explore the conditions of increasing satisfaction with special attention to lighting factors. Twenty-six cases of rooms were assessed during actual classes. Satisfaction was found to be one of key indicators of the general evaluation factor and, through multiple regression analysis, it was explained by three variables, i.e. students'density, the minimum intensity of vertical illumination under artificial lighting and the average intensity of horizontal illumination with no artificial lighting.

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We applied lighting design to a working plane within shadow under Task Ambient Lighting, and paid attention to utilization factors with the lumen method. In this paper, we examined Utilization-factor ratio within shadow, which is correction coefficient to obtain utilization factors within shadow under Task Ambient Lighting, to reflectance of room surfaces.
As a result, it is clear that floor reflectance is affected to utilization-factor ratio.

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Now Writing!

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In the evaluation experiment concerning the lighting of the house, there are a lot of evaluations to the lighting space that the experimenter set. Therefore, the lighting for which the subjects hope might not be included. Then, the luminous environment of the living room where the subjects had set the lighting was evaluated in a real large model to imitate the living room. From the result of the subjects with little number of lighting, it has been found that the lighting in the room interior is liked for daytime, and the bracket light is liked for nighttime. It can be said that the subjects who lights a lot of bracket lights at nighttime like the luminous environment suitable to relax though it is improper to the reader.

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This paper describes the outline of the solar radiation and daylight measurement system newly installed in Osaka City University. This system covers the measurement items of the IDMP research class station, and UV-A, UV-B, PAR, and infrared irradiances were added. Following the guide of IDMP, the irradiances and the illuminances are measured every one minute. The radiance/luminance distributions of sky are measured in every ten minutes. The measurement system was newly developed in consideration of management, preservation, and processing of the measurement data. A continuous measurement was begun on January 1, 2006. The stored data will be able to contribute to the development of the presumption method of various meteorological elements.

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Subjective experiments were conducted in the experimental house with mirror duct system in Fukaya, Saitama to identify the visual environment in a space daylit from mirror duct system. Subjects compared the appearance of a salad illuminated by daylight from mirror duct system and that by fluorescent tubes. Moreover relative spectral distribution was measured in each room with mirror duct system in the experimental house. It was found that general color rendering index varied from 70 to 99 with time. It was also found that a salad illuminated by daylight from mirror duct system looked much solid and natural than that by fluorescent tubes.

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Study of the maintenance factor for tunnel lighting system

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There is correlation between density of soot and smoke and maintenance factor for road tunnel lighting. Therefore maintenance factor can be required through calculation of density of soot and smoke.

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Study on Installation Height and Installation Spacing of LED Guide-light

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A study of safety measures on the intersection lighting.

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By this report, I paid my attention to demand performance of a performance rule and investigated a study in standards and bygones about the country and overseas road illumination and examined international adjustment of a road illumination standard and examined an illumination matter of road illumination by the performance rule that stood on safety, visibility, niceness characteristics

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Safety of person sensor crime prevention light in the No.478 in national road Kumiyama district and effect verification concerning safety and conservation of energy.

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The road lighting standard was re-examined from a viewpoint of the adaptation of the eye of the pedestrian. The experiment was carried out and was change the brightness in the position of the eye. The evaluation with regard to the show of the visual target was carried out by youth and aged. It was indicated that the new standard value that considered it to adaptation as a result, is necessary.

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Our purpose is the image evaluation for the scene of Toyama. Which is the examination of using the psychophysical measurement method. Gathering the scenery samples of Toyama using the Semantic Differential technique. Consequently, the nightscapes higher than the dayscapes which is a tendency in general. It was suggested that the scenery lighting plays an important role for producing a fantastic and attractive nightscape. However, the historical scenery show the difference character with increasing of the scenery lighting in disposition, which is not direct proportion of the image evaluation. The importance of the scenery lighting plan should be include that point of view.

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In recent years, color of town is more important for improvement in townscape. In this experiment, we research the color of townscape. 5 subjects evaluated the color of townscape using color chart. It became clear that the colors of building outer wall are of a high value and middle chroma color, but the colors of sign are of a high chroma color.

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Lighting design of Hakodate City Central Library

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Lighting facilities of AkitakenrituAkitameitokukan high school.

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This paper presents luminaousu environment based on Housing and Urvan Development in Osaka.

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