In china,city landscape becomes more important.Therefore It is important to make the night view beautiful. I would like to represent as follows;1) Role of lighting planning for city2) Expression of feature for each city3) Order of city lighting4) Next stage of city lighting in Chinaetc.

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In this case, we try to sketch the living environment of the ancient dinosaurs with newly technical lighting fixtures. The atmosphere formed by architecture, landscape, light and shadow etc. evokes people to be concern with the world and to be take good care of nature and our unique environment.

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Abstract:this article introduces the research of green lighting design for the living environment of the metropolis that regards the inhabitation districts as the core.

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Abstract: We put forward in this paper a new conception of light pollution-the generalized light pollution for expressing the light pollution completely. This new conception includes some expressions and properties such as glare of light,radiating pollution, light overflow, visual humdrum, color unbalance, visual defilade and frequency coruscate. Based on this conception, some countermeasures applied to urban light environment planning are presented. Also, the new conception proposed a new technical standard for unbar light landscape planning and design.

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In recent years, the needs of consumers expand self-ballasted compact fluorescent lamp market in trend of energy conservation. But, We have two problems. One is that the size of CFL is larger than incandescent bulb, and the other is that the lumen-output starting up characteristic of the former is far lower than the latter. Now, We improved those problems from developed high density spiral type arctube and designed new mercury vapor pressure control system and new choke coil for high lamp voltage.
These give that we could develop new type self-ballasted CFL that is smaller than current one, and improve lumen starting up characteristic.

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Self-ballasted compact fluorescent lamps have been more important as energy saving lamps. Downsizing the lamps is also required from the market. Here, we report that we have developed the lamps replacing 100W incandescent lamps. A-shape 22W type has the maximum diameter of 65mm and the lamp length of 133mm. This length is 7mm shorter than that of our present lamp. G-shape 20W lamp has the maximum diameter of 95mm and the lamp length of 127mm. This length is 12mm shorter than that of our present lamp. This G-shape is almost the same as that of a 100W ball-type incandescent lamp.

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At present,

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The light source of down lighting has been shifted from the high intensity discharge(HID) lamps to the compact fluorescent lamps(CFLs) because the CFLs have many types of light color and show high color rendering. The manufactures of down lighting system have expected new CFLs of high light output that is comparable to that of the lower wattage HID lamps. We have achieved higher light output than that of 100W type conventional HID lamps and reduced the power consumption by 18% by means of the bulb jointing four U-shaped bulbs and the optimal conditions of the lamp current and the bulb diameter. In addition, we have reached to 12000 hours of lamp life, twice the time of 100W type conventional HID lamps, by optimizing the preheat condition of lamp electrodes.

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In recent years, in the field of the fluorescent lamp, consideration for comfort, function and environment, etc. is called for at the office, the store and the home, etc. Especially for the housing use, the demand of the thin shaped light (diameter of 16mm circular fluorescent lamp) is expanded by extensive use on the ceiling. And for the office use, the light which was adapted for unit form required. This time we developed T5 Square-Shaped Fluorescent Lamp (a single type and double type) to satisfy these market trends and demands.

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We expect that T5 square-shaped fluorescent lamps are better characteristics than T5 circular fluorescent lamps because of partial glass bulb bendeing. But there is fear that remove and crack of phosphor layer bring about reduction of the efficiency. To prevent reduction of the efficiency we investigated the protective layer. We did the experiment with mixture of two protective materials there are different particle size. One is 10nm and another is 4000nm. Mixture ratio is 1:4. As a result of this experiment we prevented remove and crack of phosphor layer and reduction of the efficiency.

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As for the latest store, business hours are prolonged. Moreover,Consideration of environment, such as promotion of green procurement and observance of Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy, is progressing increasingly. The luminaire with the feature which considered a long-life and energy saving for store is called for. Therefore, we developed a luminaire which uses the square fluorescent lamp which has the feature of a high efficiency and long life.A square fluorescence lamp is that energy consumption efficiency is a maximum of 107 lm per W, and lamp life is 15,000 hours.
The main features of a square fluorescent luminaire are having become small about 44 percent as compared with the old square fluorescent luminaire, and having had high efficiency by the optimization design of circumference lamp temperature.
From now on, the spread to the big store of which high illuminance and a long-life are required will be expected.

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dammy

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The dependence of cathode fall voltage and electrode temperature on the discharge current under high frequency operation is investigated by the numerical model and the experiment. Then, electrode-heating current by the external circuit to suppress the increasing of the cathode fall voltage under dimmer controlling is introduced.

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Wound devices, such as the transformer or the choke coil, used in an electronic ballast generate large electrical loss and have large volume. This causes the interference in miniaturization of the electronic ballast. We investigated a power factor correction circuit which uses no wound device. The circuit configuration and its principle of operation are shown. Power factor shows 0.95 and total harmonic distortion 13.0% on the actual equipment.

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We studied that the thicknesses of the phosphor layer, coated on the outer bulb and the cavity, have big influences on the efficacy of the electrodeless fluorescent lamp. At this time, the electrodeless lamp system with the high efficacy was developed by optimization of phosphor thicknesses, and the composition and the characteristics were reported.

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New electrodeless fluorescent lamp system have been developed, 50 W type of output 4,550 lm. The system efficacy is the highest in the world, they exceed 80 lm/W. It changes into the internal coil which used the ferrite core from the conventional external air-core coil, and high drive frequency of 13.56 MHz was lowered even to 135 kHz which is the frequency of about 1/100. And loss of the system was sharply reduced by choosing the lower frequency which is not until now. An electrodeless lamp system that has no electrodes inside the lamp tube features a long life, is expected to be the luminous source of the next generation, as maintenance and energy saving light source. It is expected to spread for scene lighting and traffic lighting, such as for street and tunnel lights.

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High efficacy 50-W type electronic ballast for electrodeless lamp was developed. The drive frequency was decreased from the conventional 13.56 MHz to 135 kHz, and the circuit efficacy was improved from 78 to 91%.Setting up the high voltage maintenance period after the start sweep period enabled shade place start better.The spreads of the electrodeless lamp to the landscape and traffic lighting such as street light and tunnel light are expected.

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In recent years, LCD-TVs market is expanded.Because liquid crystal is not luminous material, LCD needs a backlifgtunit.The demand of cold cathode fluorescent lamps(CCFL) in backlight units is also expanded.It is required that LCD-TVs operate for long time, but degradation of component, such as a defuser board, with the color shift on the screen is a serious ploblem.Polycarbonate used in backlight unit is tough and is not hygroscopic,but it is weak to UV rays.In this report, we specifoed the UV rays which degrade the resin.CCFL with UV cut film made of TiO2 which protect resin degradation and suppress the sall of luminance was developed.Furthermore, it was showed that the backlight unit with the developed lamps reduce the color shift.

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Nitrogen is a well known as UV emitter because of its 2nd positive band lying around 350nm. The authors tried to use the penning-like effect between argon metastables and nitrogen C³Pi_u states with a very low partial pressure of nitrogen compared to the argon partial pressure. By adding a very small amount of nitrogen to argon, the discharge changes drastically. Though pure argon discharge and pure nitrogen discharge are both unstable and easy to constrict, a small amount of nitrogen improves the stability of the discharge and emits the nitrogen 2nd positive band UV light by energy transfer from argon metastable to the nitrogen molecule C³Pi_u state. Nitrogen added argon fluorescent lamps operated at 30 kHz of alternative square voltage wave achieve about 4500 cd/m2 at 3.75 W and at 9.3 kPa of pressure with good dimming characteristics.

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Now, there are a lot of designs of backlight about big size LCD TV. A specification of inverter circuit used for these backlight are changed by backlight characteristic. And sometimes current difference between some lamps within backlight is happened. To protect from effect of backlight characteristic, we develop new circuit this is with one ballast-impedance at primary side and all of transformer connect series. We have already got good data with two kind of backlight, few difference of current. With this new inverter, there is a possibility that only one design of inverter is useful for some kind of backlight.

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Cluster lamps are light generations using the thermal emission spectrum from clusters, which are created small particles in a high-pressure discharge. It is expected to yield high efficiency and excellent color rendering.In order for cluster luminescence to take place in electric discharge space, such as, the vapor density of metal atoms exceeds the saturation vapor density, halogen cycle is kept continuously, are considered from the principle of a cluster lamp of operation. In this paper, we describe mainly spectral distribution of cluster radiation, which is affected by the metal oxides.

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The light engine is a lighting installation that propagates light that generates it in the source of light with the optical fiber, and irradiates it from the point of each optical fiber as lighting light. Two or more lights can be produced with one lamp with a lamp with strong light as a source of light. Moreover, there are advantages such as it becoming easy to maintain and to exchange lamps because it can freely set up the lamp, and being able to intercept the electromagnetic radiation generated from the lamp.

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Now the low pressure mercury-argon(Hg-Ar) fluorescent lamp is widely used because of high luminance and high efficiency. But there is lack of data of radial structure of the discharge. Besides, the fact that this structure changes with the operating conditions also affects the distributions of the Hg excited states and hence the UV efficiency of the lamp. This study is aimed at investigating the radial variations of the properties of a DC Hg-Ar discharge by devising a one dimensional collisional-radiative lamp model.

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A mercury fluorescent lamp is a lamp that has achieved high luminance and highly effective.However, mercury is harmful to the environment and a human body and this problem is getting more from the point of environmental preservation.To solve this research and development of xenon fluorescent lamp have been done by many researchers. Although xenon fluorescent lamp has an advantage compared to mercury one that emission intensity is not affected by temperture, its luminance and efficacy is still low and it is difficult to enhance the luminance because of tendency of positive column contraction at higher current.The authers proposed that an external electrode is added on the surface of the lamp to expand the positive column and comparable luminance and efficacy with that of mercury fluorescent lamp was achieved.However, merchanisms for enhancement of luminance and efficacy such as the change of plasma characteristics by an external electrode is not clear enough.Therefore, to clarify the mechanism of high luminance and efficacy by setting an external electrode the change of plasma characteristics is investigated by using the laser absorption spectroscopy in this study.

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A mercury fluorescent lamp has high luminance and efficacy butmercury is harmful to environment and human body.In our laboratory we have been doing research of a rare gas fluorescentlamp filled with xenon instead of a mercury one.Xenon has adavantage of getting constant radiation without influence ofsurrounding temperature unlike with mercury.But a xenon lamp has lower luminance and efficacy than a mercury lamp.To get high luminance, a positive column needs expanding whenincreasing lamp current. However the more lamp current increases, thehigher probability a positive column turns to contracted state.The contracted state causes very low luminance compared to expansionstate.In our laboratry we've achieved high luminance and efficacby usingan external electrode to solve this problem.An external electrode makes a positive column expand and protects itfrom contraction.To get higher luminance and efficacy, it is important to diagnoseplasma of this lamp to know detailed characteristics of excitation, transition process andetc in lamp plasma.We have measured this pulsed xenon discharge fluorescent lamp which hasan external electrode using laser-induced fluorescence.We got spatial distribution of metastable density of excitedatom.

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The influence of change of power supply frequency on luminance and luminance flux of electroderess discharge lamp with inductively coupled plasma is measured. As power supply frequency is increased time derivatire of magnetic field increases, and then higher vortex current is obtained. Thus ionization collision rate increases, and produced ions and electrons increase. As a result luminance and flux rise. In addition as power supply frequency is increased, skin depth become narrower, supplied power from coil current to the plasma increases. Thus threshold value of the input power when the mode jump from E-mode to H-mode occurs becomes small.

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Mercury-free electrode-less light sources is the main subject in our research. In this research we used ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) as the discharge method and rare gas of xenon as a discharge material. ICP discharge technologies have extensive and important in various field such as semicondutor, etching, etc. In field of lighting the application of ICP is still new but the interest is signifcantly increasing. Matsushita has already commercialized this kind of electrode-less lamp, but they still used mercury as a discharge material. In this paper, we study the phenomenon of mode transition (E-mode, H-mode) in xenon ICP discharge. Xenon pressure in cylindrical tube is changed from 1 to 150 Torr, and the luminance variation is recorded while increasing the input power. Mode transition was determined from luminance changing for each pressure where H-mode is characterized by much higher luminance. At high pressure more power is needed to transform the discharge mode compared to low pressure. Since high luminance is obtained at high pressure H-mode, the improvement of antenna, circuit, etc is needed to decrease the power in obtaining and maintaining the discharge at H-mode.

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It is important to grasp the relationship between the induced coupling plasma characteristics and the operating frequency for increasing the lamp efficiency. In this paper, we report the relationship of the electron temperatures of the electrode-less plasma to the operating frequency.We measured the electron temperature of the plasma at 13.56MHz also the average value regarding the time for the plasma at 150 kHzAs the result, we find out the following things.
(1) The electron temperature becomes higher as the operating frequency increase.
(2) The electron temperature of the plasma at 150 kHz seems not to vary with the frequency.

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dammy

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It is proposed in this paper that a new neutral point type step-down converter circuit. This proposed converter can be applied to the electronic ballast and it is shown that a wonderful result can be obtained.

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Energy-saving effect by using Compact fluorescent lamp is very large. In these years there is a sharp rise in demand. But at the same time general CFL cannot use with dimmers. The main reasons general CFL cannot use with dimmers are following two.(1) The triac in the dimmers malfunction in order to noncontiguous input current.(2)The lamp fricker in order to noncontiguous lamp current when we narrow down dimmers. This time we will report on the improvement noncontiguous input current and lamp current. And we developed CFL can use with dimmers.

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Abstract-Recently,sterilization,surface treatment,etc. are attracting attention as new applied uses of flash lamps. However, conventional Xe flash lamps emit light having spectra close to those of sunbeams.We examined high pressure -ization of enclosing gas as the method of ultraviolet rays increase.Also, the improvement of ultraviolet rays radiation quantity was able to confirm by being lighted the lamp with high current density.

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Abstract_-_Recently, sterilization, surface treatment, etc. are attracting attention as new applied uses of flash lamps. However, conventional Xe flash lamps emit light having spectra close to those of sunbeams. The authors of the present paper examined a new gas (Kr) and a mixture of gases to be enclosed in the discharge tube, and developed a flash lamp having higher radiant efficiency in the short wavelength range

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Super high-pressure mercury discharge lamps have been used as the light source for photolithography exposure process. In general, they are used in manufacturing Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), printed circuit boards (PCBs) , semiconductors and other devices. Their working internal pressure is well known to be normally more than 1.0MPa, and their temperature at the bulb outer is more than 500oC. Therefore, they are required to be secured for rupture, because they are subjected to internal pressure, thermal loadings, and so on in their services. Furthermore, rupture may occur from the sealed parts in the lamps under the loadings mentioned above. Thus, the mechanical characteristics of the sealed parts need to be examined. The objectives of the paper were to examine the safety for rupture from their sealed parts of the working lamps under internal pressure and thermal loadings by the experiments and FEM stress calculations. Rupture tests of lamps were carried out under repeated static water pressure. In addition, experiments were done under thermal loadings.

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There is still much demand of the conventional quartz type metal-halide lamp while a ceramic metal-halide lamp is spreading in recent year. The quartz type metal-halide lamp is cheap though it is efficient, so if it can bring close to the performance of a ceramic metal-halide lamp, for a user, it will become an attractive lamp. Since the lamp which improved the lumen maintenance of L-type quartz metal-halide lamp (L-J2) was developed this time, it reports.A quartz glass tube (shroud) is prepared in the circumference of an arc tube, and the temperature of an arc tube is optimized. Improvement in a lumen maintenance was able to be aimed at by having optimized the design of wall loading, filling pelet, etc. more, realizing high efficiency.

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Ceramic metal halide lamps have gained widespread use especially in interior lighting thanks to its advantages such as higher CRI, smaller color shift and longer life. For further progress, the market requests to improve lumen efficiency of the lamps from the viewpoint of energy saving. In general, however, there is a tradeoff relationship between CRI and the lumen efficiency. We have overcome above problem by using an optimized 1-body arc tube and developing a new metal halide system, and realized 110lm/W of lumen efficiency and 85 of CRI in a commercial 250W ceramic metal halide lamp.

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The public and factory lighting usually used efficacy Marcury Lamps once. In late years it needs new one with high color rendering properties and higher efficacy for saving energy. We already solved one problem of high color rendering properties by development of Metal Halide Lamp and exclusive inverter,only is conventional technology the lamp's characteristic of high color rendering properties and higher efficacy was not able to be compatible.We put new 250W Ceramic Metal Halide Lamp which was compatible in these two elements to practical use this time, and developed exclusive inverter.

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Development of dimmable ceramic metal halide lamp.

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There were many requests about dimming of metal halide lamps so far.
But it didn't accomplish the dimming system by using magnetic ballasts, because of existing flicker, extinction and short life of the lamp.
We would like to report that we confirmed life test including dimming of metal halide lamps by using the electronic ballast (square wave).

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later

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later

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We studied about total revealing power for the tunnel interior lighting. Total revealing power is calculated by relationship between road surface luminance and vertical illuminance for visibility of critical object and revealing power for express highway.At the result of it, total revealing power is constant more than some vertical illuminance and depends on road surface luminance. Therefore, road surface luminance is important for getting visibility for obstacle, but we can select quantity of vertical illuminance.

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When the tunnel was illuminated, distinguishing colors became possible by a color rendering and good source of light's having begun to be used, and it seemed that the confirmation was necessary about the difference of the visibility of the roadblock by the achromatic color and the chromatic color.This experiment considers the influence that the difference among the source of light, brightness, and the distance of vision gives to the visibility of seeing the obstacles by using seven color obstacles that assumes the falling object in the real tunnel supplied to the traffic of a general vehicle.

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The Study of Long-Span Tunnel Lighting.

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Study on luminance contrast in road lighting

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This survey focused on intersection lightings which are bearing important role to improve visual environment for drivers at night, and carried out traffic accident analysis to clarify required illuminance by intersection lightings.

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We clarified a perception of lighting fluctuations in a dim environment, to propose a security lighting in pablic spaces. It is important that pedestrians find out the lighting fluctuation and don't feel uncomfortable.No less than 90% pedestrians find it out and don't feel uncomfortable that the lighting fluctuation between 0.28 and 0.44.

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To keep illuminance at nighttime in a wide public installation area, such as school, hospital and factory, is necessary for security and amenity. In this study, for a sample of search, survey, analyze and eveluate the street lighting, the surrounding environment and illuminance at nighttime for a wide public installation area, the environmental factor concerning 'Bouhan-you' in Mie University were measured and evaluated.

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Many of low vision people are walking by using the left sight, and the environment where it doesn't walk especially easily at nighttime. Then, LED that had luminescence of narrow angle beam and high brightness in the lighting pillar was installed, and the method of producing a bright mark on the road side was devised. In this research, the effectiveness of this LED inducement mark was confirmed by the walking experiment by the low vision persons, and the best arrangement interval was examined.

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In making a plan for evacuation under smoke in fire, visibility of evacuation signs is of crucial significance. However, there have been very few studies on changes of luminous stimuli, thereby leaving effective evacuation unattained. In order for emergency signs to function properly for evacuation, we need to secure the visibility. For the calculation of sign's visibility, it is necessary to consider the changes in luminous stimuli. This paper proposes a formula to quantify changes of visual stimulation of emergency signs in fire-smoke taking into account of smoke adherence.

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