Interdisciplinary Information Sciences
Online ISSN : 1347-6157
Print ISSN : 1340-9050
ISSN-L : 1340-9050
Volume 3, Issue 2
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
  • Yoshifumi SAKAI, Akira MARUOKA
    1997 Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 71-80
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 11, 2003
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Valiant introduced a computational model of learning by examples, and gave the precise definition of polynominal time learnability based on the model. Since then, much effort has been devoted to characterize learnable classes of concepts on this model. Among such learnable classes is the one, denoted monotone k -term DNF, consisting of monotone disjunctive normal form formulae with at most k terms. So far it has been shown [6], [8] that for fixed k, monotone k -term DNF is learnable under the assumption that positive examples are drawn according to the uniform distribution. In this paper we introduce a class of probabilistic distributions, called smooth distributions, which is generalization of all the distribution classes which appeared in literature as the ones for specific distributiion setting: A smooth distribution is the one such that a ratio of the probabilities of any two examples with Hamming distance 1 is bounded from below by the inverse of some polynomial. It is proved that monotone k -term DNF is learnable even if positive examples are drawn according to smooth distributions. From this result it follows the learnability of monotone k -term DNF under specific distribution dealt with in literature such as product distributions [7] and q -bounded distributions [2].
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  • Mitsuru TADA
    1997 Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 81-86
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 11, 2003
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is known that division by some constant m is provably total in the theory S20, if and only if the constant m is of the form 2n for some n. In this paper, we prove that also in the theory S2+0 which is a little stronger than S20, the same statement holds by using the Johannsen’s method on the division in S2+0.
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  • Nozomu MOCHIZUKI, Takashi SANO
    1997 Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 87-90
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 11, 2003
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We shall obtain two conditions that guarantee the strong starlikeness of holomorphic functions on the unit disc.
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  • Takashi YOSHINO
    1997 Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 91-93
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 11, 2003
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this paper, we shall introduce the Aluthge transform of an operator and study what kind of p-hyponormality is preserved under the Aluthge transformation.
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  • Hajime URAKAWA
    1997 Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 95-109
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 11, 2003
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Hiro OTA
    1997 Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 111-116
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 11, 2003
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    One important factor determining the road safety of older drivers is the degree of accuracy in self-assessment of ability. In particular, exaggerated degree of self-confidence can contribute to unsafe behavior. The author conducted an experimental re-education program for older drivers in conjunction with the renewal of their driver’s licenses. The aim of the program was to offer older drivers an opportunity to reevaluate their own safety in driving, especially their hazard-perceptual ability on the road. Before and after the education program with the use of a CAI (Computer Aided Instruction) system, the participants were asked to evaluate their ability and identify their problem areas in hazard erception. The analysis examines the effect of the education program on participants’ driving behavior by noting changes in the assessment of their own level of safety.
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  • Kiyoto HIROSE, Takayoshi KATO
    1997 Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 117-124
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 11, 2003
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    One hundred seventy-nine subjects took part in a test-retest study to investigate the formation of flashbulb memories (FMs) related to two notable events in 1995: the Nerve Gas Assassins’ Attack and the Gubernatorial Election in the Tokyo Metropolitan District. A causal analysis using the structural Equations (EQS) technique showed that the formation of FMs related to the former was primarily associated with the level of IMPORTANCE AND ESTIMATION of the event, while that of FMs related to the latter was primarily associations with AFFECT. These results suggest that the mechanisms of FMs formation do not converge into one mechanism. The implication of these findings is that studies of the formation of FMs need to take account of the characteristics of the events triggering them.
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  • Todd Joseph Miles Holden
    1997 Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 125-146
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 11, 2003
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper illuminates the central role of coloration in television commercials. Utilizing a sample of over 10,000 advertisements collected in America and Japan over the last half decade, the data reveals the extent to which advertising depends upon color for message delivery and to facilitate meaning construction. Ads are often predicated on—even directed toward—color in purposeful ways. We see this, in particular, when we study the absence of color in advertising: cases where black & white is used and/or juxtaposed with color.
      After a brief survey of semiology—focussing on color’s “denotative” and “connotative” functions—nine key findings are uncovered: (1) the great degree to which black and white are employed; (2) white often serves as a dominant signifier in Japan, whereas the use of black & white film is more widespread in America; (3) signification is consistent (insofar as certain associations between color and particular ideas are demonstrably invariant from commercial to commercial); (4) moreover, when these colors appear, it is generally for the explicit purpose of directed message transmission; (5) belying ad-makers’ unequivocal signification intentions, black and white are often used as metaphor, with black used to depict death, disease, misery, despair or evil, and white associated with life, protection, hope, purity and goodness; (6) In this way it can be said that black and white serve an intentional signification function; (7) the technique of alternating black & white and color or contrasting black with white works to establish an unambiguous discourse for the viewer; (8) importantly, no deviant or oppositional discourse can be found in ads relative to these colors; (9) through such discourse message transfer, emotional release and connection to the product can occur.
      Considering such findings we conclude that for all the recent ruckus made about the polysemy of signs and the empowered audience, the use of color discussed here appears intentional, directive and connotatively univocal. Judging from how commercials in both America and Japan consistently employ particular colors, it would appear that there is universal agreement and shared cultural meaning (at least among producers) on certain symbolic content in television commercials.
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  • Komei SASAKI, Kenichi ABE
    1997 Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 147-153
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: June 11, 2003
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper is intended to empirically analyze the effects of zoning ordinance on residential land price. Hedonic land price models are applied to data in both a local city (Sendai) and the capital (Tokyo) of Japan to make an inter-city comparison of economic effects of zoning ordinance. The result of this comparison suggests that it is meaningless to apply the zoning ordinance uniformly regardless of differences in characteristics among cities. Structural change in land price functions with time in a city is investigated as well.
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