In situ microscopic measurement is a novel approach to clarify the intrinsic mechanism of complexation reactions occurring at liquid/liquid interfaces. The present review was mainly focused on recent three topics of methodology of in situ fluorescence microscopic observation and measurement of interfacial complexation reactions: (1) two kinds of self-assemblies of Pd²⁺ and 5, 10, 15, 20-tetra (4-pyridy1)-21H, 23H-porphine complexes formed at the toluene/water interface, (2) microextraction of Eu³⁺ with 2- thenoyltrifluoroacetone at the dodecane/water interface, (3) rapid complexation of Zn²⁺ with 5- octyloxymethy1-8-quinolinol in the 1-butanol/water interfacial region. The inhomogeneities of adsorption and reaction of complexes or the fast complexation rate at the liquid/liquid interface was measurable only by the microscopic methods.

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Recently, the pollution of the soil by heavy metal ions from the industrial effluents is a major threat. Remidial measures were taken by adopting various extraction processes such as the diffusion prevention, the elution prevention, the extraction and the removal process, the decomposition and the decontamination process. It is realized that electro kinetic process is more effective. In this process, the ionized heavy metalions in the contaminated soil move towards the cathode electrode by the electroendosmose process. The major problem is that heavy metal ion has to be recovered from the water and discharged. Otherwise, it causes secondary pollution. It is realized that the natural zeolite, which is available in abundance, could mitigate the problem of secondary pollution. In the present study, it is realized that by using the zeolite as a cathode material, the heavy metal ion content could be absorbed by the zeolite material. In the present work, a detailed experimental study was formulated to understand the metal ion adsorption characteristics of the natural zeolite material.

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Two kinds of absorbents (1 and 2) for endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been synthesized from β-cyclodextrin, in which 1 is β-cyclodextrin polymer combined with rice husks ash of 112 m²/g specific surface and 2 is β-cyclodextrin polyalkylene polyamine linked with polystyrene. Those absorbents are not soluble in water and exhibited removal capability for endocrine disruptor in aqueous layer with high efficiency. Absorbent 1 as well 2 show high selectivity for 4, 4-OE-isopyropidendiphenol (bisphenol A) with 97.15% and 98% removal rate respectively. On the other hand, β-cyclodextrin polymer, which is non-coexistent with rice husks ash and polystyrene itself show 63 % and only 2% removal rate of bisphenol A respectively. It is useful in a combination between β-cyclodextrin and rice husks ash or polystyrene, however, the complex of β-cyclodextrin polymer combined with amorphous silica (5) is not useful, which exhibits less 60% removal rate of bisphenol A.

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Improved measures of modularity developed recently for re-designing the module structures are shown. The main point is to keep the consistency of the measure. The latest version is adaptable to the various combinations of components. When new model of product is planned by mechanical design of today, the quantitative assessment of design is very important. The measure of modularity provides us the quantitative indicator to improve their design for keeping good environment by reducing of materials, reusing of used parts and recycling of resources. The calculation of measure is based upon the state of common properties among product components taking numerical weight factors into account. Their common properties can be selected flexibly depending on social demands as well as maker or user demands. The application study to a coffee drip maker has been demonstrated.

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We investigated the effect of kinds of organic solvent on the losses of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs), and their ¹³C₁₂-labeled compounds during vacuum concentration. n-Hexane and toluene solutions containing the standards of those compounds were tested for the purpose. The kind of organic solvent has remarkable effect on the loss of ¹³C₁₂-Co-PCBs from the standard solutions, while it has little or no effect on the losses of Co-PCBs, PCDD/DFs, and ¹³C₁₂-PCDD/DFs from the standard solutions. The losses of lower chlorinated ¹³C₁₂-Co- PCBs with n-hexane solution were greater than the loss of the compounds with toluene solution. The relative amounts of ¹³C₁₂-Co-PCBs in the condensate solvent produced during the vacuum concentration show that those of the compounds with toluene solution were less than that of n-hexane solution. These results demonstrate that the minimization of loss of the compounds with n-hexane solution may be achieved by adding toluene before the vacuum concentration. We also examined the relationship between the relative amounts of Co-PCBs and ¹³C₁₂-Co-PCBs in the condensate solvents and vapor pressures of those compounds. There was the difference in the regression line slopes of the relative amounts vs. in the vapor pressures between the n-hexane solution and toluene solution. This fact could be useful for the optimization of the vacuum concentration conditions in the convenient analytical methods.

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