Phase distribution in an electron beam can now be precisely measured towithin 1/100th of the electron wavelength using both electron holography anda “coherent” field-emission electron beam. This technique allows for theultra-fine measurement of material structures and electromagnetic fild distributionson a microscopic scale. Flux lines in a superconducting thin film can beobserved quantitatively by electron-holographic interference microscopy anddynamically by Lorentz microscopy.

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After reviewing at a simple level what the subject of control engineeringdeals with, several general control engineering challenges are described withthe aid of examples - the challenge of complexity, as illustrated by flight controldesign, the challenge of achieving robustness, as illustred by a guided vehiclecontrol system, and the challenge of achieving adaptivity, as illustrated bysugar mill and alumina calciner control problems. The controller implementationchallenge -of obtaining a simple computer-based controller to work witha complex plant -is also described.

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This paper discusses the evolution of public concern about man's impact on the environment and legislation enacted by democratically-elected representa tives to limit it. After decade of increasing awareness about Planet Earth's inherent limitations, especially its ability to benignly absorb man-made pollu tants, the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) was passed by the U. S. Congress, and the Fisheries Act was passed by the Canadian Parliament near the beginning of the 1970's. Both Acts carried a very broad mandate with extensive implications-“Thou Shalt Not Pollute”-and both were vague. Details were missing, of course, because no one had a clear idea of ex actly what was to be done, nor how it would be accomplished. In essence, how ever, an environmental crusade was orderred, and everyone was expected to par ticipate in it. Subsequently, very many additional rules and regulations were created by all levels of government during the past 20-plus years to clarify and implement the intent of the inital legislation, and the process is still going on.
Nevertheless, the people who find, develop and operate energy and mineral producing enterprises in Canada and the United States have proved they are capable of dealing effectively with a very wide variety of environmental and regulatory challenges, and in minimizing the adverse impacts of the instabilities (usually temporary ones) caused by extracting resources from the earth. They have been aided in this accomplishment, in most instance, by working with professional people in regulatory agencies who can also learn and understand the constraints imposed by the laws of nature and econmics, and can work together to turn legislators' dreams into practical achievements. Two coal mining operations of Luscar Ltd. in western Alberta, Canada, are de scribed as examples where experimentaion and innovation to effect solutions to environmental problems have been used throughout their history to achieve award-winning results.
The writers briefly mention longer-term environmental issues which have wide-ranging implications to the future of energy and mineral development in North America. In closing, they observe that major expenditures for environmental protection, proposed or implemented to attain long-term incremental reduction of hazards to human life and other organisms, and not supported by rigorous cost-benefit analyses, nor based on experience or science/engineeringsupportable documented facts, are speculation as contrasted to investment.These type of expenditures are likely to create the same end result as other speculations, such as penny mining stocks, lotteries and roulette: A few people will reap large rewards, because many will pay.

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Japan has taken its environmental initiatives in coping with not only domesticissues but also international ones. The first section reviews its initiativesand discusses the future role of the Japanese Government. The secondsection shows present state and perspective of the environment and developmentin Asia-Pacific region, and an outline of a project which provides alternative policy options for countries to attain sustainable development.

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The detailed analysis of de Haas-van Alphen effect, one of magneticoscillation phenomena in metallic materials, is given for the free electron system, and the mechanism for its occurrence is reviewed. This effect may be veryinteresting for applications to the engineering field. However, unfortunately, since the observations are limited to only the liquid Helium temperature for thepresent available external magnetic field, it may be difficult at the present stageto apply the effect to the engineering. In future, if we can make the four timeslarger magnetic field, the effect can easily happen at the room temperature.Good applications of this effect in future are hoped.

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To understand main ink transfer mechanisms in mimeographing, the theoryof poroelasticity is applied to analyze the ink flow through screens and a printingmaster which are modeled by a fluid-filled poroelastic single layer. Thelayer is assumed to be pressed by a press roller from below and to be subjectedfrom above to the hydrodynamic lubrication pressure induced between a printingdrum and an ink roller. The deformation of the layer and the accompanyingink flow are shown to be governed by four nondimensional parametersnewly defined here. The numerical results show some important results; e.g., squeezing-out of the ink from the layer by the layer compaction by the pressroller plays an important role among various possible ink transfer mechanisms, especially for the case where the compression duration is small in comparisonwith the characteristic time of the layer.

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The effects of surface orientation on dissolution rate of type 310S stainlesssteel with coarse columnar crystals were investigated by potensiostatic etchingin the active region in H₂SO₄-KSCN and H₂SO₄-NaCl solutions. {100} - {110} and {110} - {111} planes were prepared by cutting at 90° and 45° to <100>growth direction of the columnar crystals. Flat surfaces were formed on individualgrains after etching. The dissolution rate changed with the etchingpotentials and solutions. The ordersof the dissolution rate on the Ihk11surface, V_<hkl>, were as follows: V_<100><V_<111><V_<110> at -0.3V (vs.SCE) in 0.5kmol·m^-3-H₂SO₄+10mol·m^-3-KSCN solution and V_<110><V_<111><V_<100> at-0.26V in 2.5kmol·m-3-H₂SO₄+0.8kmol·m^-3-NaCI solution. Residual planesin each condition were determined from these dissolution rate ratios.

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The photoresponsive calix [4] arene (2), which is modified with azobenzenemoiety on the lower rim of the calix, has been prepared. Photoisomerizationof 2 was performed with photoirradiation by 500 W-Xe lamp using Corning 7-37 filter. The liquid-liquid extraction of various metal cations by 2 in thefashion of photoirradiated isomers and non-photoirradiated isomer (trans one) using picrate counter ions has been studied. The calixarene (2) shows higherbinding ability for almost all metal cations examind in the 12 h photoirradiatedisomer than those of trans isomer and non-modified calix [4] arene (3), which has a same structure on the upper rim of the calix.

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The thermal stresses problems of functionally gradient materials as one ofthe advanced high-temperature materials capable of withstanding the extremetemperature environments are discussed. One of the most important problemsof thermal stresses in the functionally gradient materials is how to decreasethermal stresses. An optimal composition problems of the materials in orderto decrease thermal stresses and thermal stress ploblems in the materials with acrack by fracture mechanics are treated in detail

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The flashover characteristics of the polymer insulator and the effects of a small cavity on the discharge column are investigated. It is observed that the cavity had no noticeable effect on the flashover phenomenon under positive polarity. On the other hand, for negative polarity there seems to be a relationship between the flashover voltage and the needle electrode position away from the cavity opening. It is confirmed that the cavity near high voltage electrode decreases the flashover voltage with negative polarity application.

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We developed a simple data base system that can be used for personal computer. Though it's function is not better than some marketing data bases such as DBASE towards personal computer, it has a characteristic that the schema is definite and simple. The structure of data is a relational data base type, and from preparing a parameter file which described the schema, a user can make a data file with one record ranging to 4096 bytes not necessary to change the executing file. Furthermore, according to preparing some reference files, almost of the inputting of the data base can be completed by using the cursor key only. Finally, our system can be used for various MS-DOS machines, and used on the network with the client-server model.

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Mechanical behavior of a metal matrix fiber composite under longitudinal shear loading is considered by means of a homogenization theory. The microstructure of the composite is assumed to be periodical array of fibers and associated hexagonal unit cells are placed in the composite. Displacement of the composite is described as two-scale asympotic expansion to observe the macroscopic and microscopic fields separately. On the basis of the homogenization theory, elasto-plastic analysis is made with the unit cell of the composite. The interface between fiber and matrix is modeled as a perfect bond before the interfacial failure and as a frictional contact with slide after the interfacial failure. This method is applied to a SCS6/Ti-6A1-4V metal matrix composite. The nonlinear constitutive behavior of the composite and microscopic stress distribution are shown with variation of the coefficient of the friction on the interface.

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Ball mill tests on laboratory scale were carried out in order to study the influence of particle shape on grindability. The sample used was 1362g, 10, 000 pieces of 4×6 mesh limestone. The shape index defined by (diameter of a circumcircle/thickness) was measured manually with great care by slide caliper and the particles were classified into two groups on the basis of the shape index. The grinding mill used was made of stainless steel and its volume was about 2.7 liters. The grinding medium charged also consisted of 144 stainless steel balls of diameter 1.9cm. The mill was always run at a rotational speed of 112rev./min. It was found that the shape index of feed material affects the decreasing rate of mass fraction of feed size and the increasing rate of fine particles.

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A layup optimization method of symmetrically laminated plates is proposed for minimizing the maximum deflection. The bending-twisting coupling is taken into consideration in the flexural analysis of symmetrically laminated plates subject to a uniformly distributed transverse load. With the use of lamination parameters, the effect of bending-twisting coupling on the maximum deflection is discussed for the case of simply supported or clamped plates. Optimal laminate configurations to minimize the maximum transverse deflection are also obtained by using a mathematical programming method in which four lamination parameters are used as design variables. It is shown that the optimal laminate configuration consists of either an angle-ply laminate or a cross-ply laminate.

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Firstly, possibilities on the improvement of breakdown characterisics in polyethylene is found and cable with 1.7 times higher Impulse breakdown strength is developed. It is also cleared the ratio of crystalline and amorphous part is the important factor to derermine breakdown characteristics. Secondly, it is pointed out that chemical structure of polyethylene influences crosslinking characteristics, and, the relation between crosslinking and physical properties are investigated. Thirdly, new insulating material for high voltage DC cable is developed and the mechanism on DC characteristics are cleared.

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A physical and chemical characterization to the slag fibers was carried out by several instrumental techniques. Its main components were Si, Mg and Al oxides. The distribution of these elements was constants and uniform in all slag fibers' body by its amorphous structure, which generates surface'sites with both positive and negative charges in aqueous solution, which is depending on the compound lacated in the site.
The dissolution behavior of the slag fibers was negligible in a wide range of pH (4 to 10) and temperature (25 to 95°C), which was an important collecting feature as ecomaterial. The slag fibers' dissolution at low and high pH was concordant with thermodynamic predictions. The differential dissolution by different elements of slag fibers produces a remarkably high difference between the point of zero charge (pH10.8) and isoelectric point (pH2.9) of this material.

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This paper presents the results of using the fuzzy regression model to analyze the water quality from satellite remote sensing data. It is shown by statistical analysis that the CCT count number of the remote sensing data has no relation to the water quality. However, the fuzzy regression analysis shows that the CCT count number is related to two parameters about the water quality. They are SS (Suspended Solid) and T-P (Total Phosphorus). Therefore, it is clarified that the fuzzy regression model is applicable to the analysis of the water quality. It is also observed that the investigation of the large variation among the objective functions of fuzzy regression analysis has an effect on the selection of the irregular point of the water quality data.

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Recording and noise properties were studied by using a ring type head for a Co-Cr medium prepared by a new sputtering method at room temperature with a high Ar pressure of 70 Pa. Reproduced waveform for the medium was a dipulse which suggested that a perpendicular recording mode has been realized.
The new medium exhibited as a high density response performance as that of a conventionally prepared medium, namely, deposited at a high temperature of 250°C with a low Ar pressure of 0.2 Pa. The noise level of the new medium was lower than that of the conventional one. It is suggested that the low noise properties are attributed to an isolated microstructure of the medium.

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Subbituminous Muswell Brook and bituminous Nan Tong coals with added potassium hydroxide were heated at 523K in a nitrogen stream to transform thermally stable organic sulfur to reactive species. The parent coals and alkali treated samples were pyrolyzed rapidly in a free fall pyrolyzer in a nitrogen stream at 1233K with a heating rates of 4000-6000K/s. In the rapid pyrolysis, the alkali treated samples provided higher extents of reduction of organic sulfur than the parent coals. The low density group separated by sink-float in aqueous zinc chloride showed more effective reduction of organic sulfur than in high density group. The combined process of rapid pyrolysis with alkali leaching was effective for reduction of organic sulfur.

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The preparation processes, morphlogical, structural and magnetic properties of BaFe_12-2X (CoTi) _XO₁₉ and BaFe_12-2X (CoSn) _XO₁₉ fine particles, prepared by chemical coprecipitation, synthesis from salt melts and glass crystallization method were investigated. The correlation between the magnetic properties, the particle morphology and the degrees of Co Ti and Co Sn substitutions of Ba ferrite particles were studied. These substituted Ba ferrite particulate media are of great interest for high density magnetic information storage.

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Phase equilibria for polymer systems such as (1) vapor-liquid equilibria, (2) liquid-liquid equilibria, (3) aqueous two-phase system, and (4) volume-phase transition of polymeric gel were reviewed. The authors first described solubilities of gases and vapors in molten polymers and showed that the UNIFAC-FV model is successful to predict the vapor-liquid equilibria. Furthermore, liquidliquid equilibria of polymer-hydrocarbon solutions were discussed and it was shown that the UNIFAC-FV model with a modification is also useful to correlate the liquid-liquid equilibria. And the liquid-liquid equilibria of aqueous two-phase system and the partition of biomolecules were presented and the Flory-Huggins equation with a modification is found to be successful to correlate these phase equilibria. Finally, the volume-phase transition of polymeric gel and the concentrations between inside and outside the gels were described.The Flory-Huggins equation coupled with the rubber elasticity equation was found to be helpful to correlate these phase equilibria.

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