This paper analyses the evolution of late and beyond MOS technologies showing the relevant effect on the electronic design methods and rules due to the dramatic reduction of quality of the manufactured components. The paper argues that the main impact on such future technologies will be caused by the increase of the manufacturing defect ratio of components and circuits, the reduction of reliability through a huge increase of the error ratio and a drastic drop of the components quality. Consequently, new strategies of design have to be considered, among them the hierarchical fault tolerance that is presented in the paper. This fact will have implications in the design rules as we know them today.

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The nano-scaled red phosphor YBO₃: Eu³⁺, green phosphor ZnSiO₄: Mn²⁺ and blue phosphor BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇: Eu²⁺ were synthesized by wet-chemical techniques. The morphologies and spectral properties of the three nano-phosphors under 147 nm excituation were investigated. For YBO₃: Eu³⁺, nano-sheets was obtained by solvent-thermal process, which reached 78.8% of the commercial red phosphor on emission intensity and exhibited better color purity than the latter. For ZnSiO₄: Mn²⁺, different morphologies were obtained by hydrothermal method with varying ratio of CTAB to TEOS, among which the nano-spheres presented the strongest emission intensity and reached 86% of that of the commercial green phosphor. For BaMgAl₁₀O₁₇: Eu²⁺, nano-rods were acquired using sol-gel process, which exhibited 78.15% of the commercial blue phosphor on emission intensity and the low y value of color coordinates, which indicated that the nano-rods were efficient for restricting the deteriorate during application.

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Sustainable development is one of the leading civilization ideas. This term means such a development that satisfies the present needs without a limitation of the possibility of satisfying the needs in the future. Sustainable development in construction is particularly important, as this branch of the industry is consuming enormous amounts of mass and energy. A new research area has been created by this idea. The new fields of investigation are involved with material, energetic, and environmental conditions, but also with such topics as protection against noise and the methods of the evaluation of the efficiency of waste materials storage. Implementation of the idea of sustainable development in the construction industry will be a source of scientific and engineering inspiration for many years to come.

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Since 1950s, there has been increasing interest on concrete-polymer composites as new construction materials in the construction industry. The concrete-polymer composites, typically, can be classified into three types in terms of principles of the process technology, i.e. polymer cement concrete, polymer concrete, and polymer impregnated concrete. Among them, the polymer concrete is well known for its versatile and beneficial structural applications compared to the other types. In this paper, physical and mechanical properties, product applications, economic analysis, and environmental effects of the polymer concrete will be mainly addressed. Furthermore, anticipated prospect of the polymer concrete in the construction market will be also discussed.

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Manganin pressure gauge has been widely used for pressure measurements of shock wave in condensed matter and detonation in condensed explosive. However, recording time of manganin gauge is limited to a few microsecond. This short recording time is not long enough to measure detonation pressure of non-ideal explosive which has long reaction zone length. We developed pressure gauge composed of PVDF sensing element which has longer recording time compare with manganin pressure gauge. In this study, detonation pressure profile was measured by PVDF pressure gauge for non-ideal explosives consisted of a packed bed of aluminum particles of different size saturated with neat nitromethane. The results of pressure measurements by PVDF pressure gauge show the existence of the extended pressure peak behind leading shock wave, and revealed important pressure increase due to aluminum particle reaction when aluminum particle size is smaller than 14 micrometer. The result of this study showed that PVDF pressure gauge is very useful tool to measure detonation pressure of non-ideal explosives which have very long reaction zone length.

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Some kinds of oil/water interfaces generate traveling wave along a glass surface. The aqueous and organic phases contain cationic surfactant, octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and an anionic chemical, respectively. This curious phenomenon has been studied by several researchers including the present authors. The spatiotemporal pattern formation may be useful for the direct energy conversion of chemical potential into work. We developed a simple model for the interfacial dynamics to reproduce rich patterns which were observed experimentally. Both of the experimental and theoretical considerations indicate that the traveling wave is produced by an excitable kinetics: Quasi-periodical oscillation due to the adsorption of cationic surfactant on glass followed by the desorption due to chemical reaction operates as a pace-maker of the interfacial motion. The pacemaker can give traveling waves. The present model reproduced several characteristics observed in experiments, such as both of concave and convex shape of the wave, the formation of wave trains with a fixed interval and the selection of traveling direction.

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Activated sludge method is widely being used for wastewater treatment in many countries including Japan. This method is very useful, as its running cost is very cheap. However, every year a large amount of excess sludge is being produced in the Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) which is a serious problem in terms of both economical and environmental. So, the experiments on reduction of excess sludge are carried out in many countries.
We have introduced Magneto-ferrite treatment on activated sludge in order to reduce excess sludge in the laboratory scale. This magneto-ferrite treatment is a new approach for reduction of excess sludge by using ferrite particles and permanent magnets. A rotary treatment plant was introduced which showed good possibilities of this method for applying it in the practical WWTPs. The parameters of the method were determined. Two miniature WWTPs were used at the laboratory, where one was run with magneto-ferrite treatment while another was run without any treatment. The observations showed good results in reduction of excess sludge growth. The growth of excess sludge was controlled at 72% comparing to that of non-treatment system running WWTPs with CAS. The results showed good possibilities of reducing sludge in the area of biological wastewater treatment.

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The feasibility of employing high-voltage impulse for the exploitation of Cobalt-Rich Crust (CRC) was investigated in this study. Disintegration of CRC by high-voltage impulse in conductive solution and seawater was carried out. The results showed with an increase in solution conductivity, the applied voltage to cause electrical breakdown was also increased. The electrical breakdown voltage and electricity energy consumption needed for the disintegration of CRC in conductive solution were higher than in distilled water, since the majority of the electric current flowed through the solution to the ground electrode instead of CRC. However, it could be avoided by using resin-coated discharge electrode, which makes the disintegration of CRC by high-voltage impulse performed in seawater possible. Furthermore, it was possible to disintegrate the CRC when the discharge electrode and ground electrode were parallel arranged. Based on the results, a schematic diagram of employing high-voltage impulse for CRC mining was proposed.

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Effluent waters from metallurgical refining process are usually treated by hydrometallurgical processes incorporating leaching, cementation, electrowinning, precipitation to extract and recover precious and base metals from municipal solid wastes. In the current study, we focused on the possibility of recovering previous metals namely; (Cu, Au, In, Pd, Pt) from the effluent water by cementation and solvent extraction steps. Fe, Al, and Zn powders were used for precious metal cementation, and LIX-84I, D2EHPA, and TBP as organic extractants with kerosene were used in solvent extraction. 99% of Cu, 96% of Pd, 85% of Au were recovered by Fe powder at (Fe/Cu)mole ratio of 2, and 99.6% of Cu, 99.5% of Pd were recovered by Al powder at (Al/Cu)mole ratio of 2. Also 85% of In and 90% of Au were recovered by solvent extraction using D2EHPA and TBP, respectively.

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Plasma arcs are widely used for welding, cutting, spraying and refining of molten metals, because of their high energy density. Characteristic property of the arc is concentration of heat flux in narrow area. However, for some applications of heating or melting metals over large area, wide arcs with expanded heat flux are often required. By applying transverse AC magnetic field to the arc, the authors have developed a wide heat source, where the arc oscillates back and forth at a high speed synchronized with applied field frequency.
Theoretical and experimental analyses revealed that the energy density of the arc deflected by DC transverse magnetic field reduced with the increase of the field flux density in previous work.
In present work, the authors consider the energy density profile of the expanded arc oscillated by AC magnetic field theoretically. The distribution of the heat flux can be controlled by adjusting a wave form of the electric current through the magnetic field coil.

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Here, a new simple analytical method named the EAE approach (The exact analytical element approach) is developed. The EAE approach is our original analytical method which we can combine analytically several exact solutions for the transient boundary problem and solve precisely and rationally the more complicated problem. By using this approach, the Cagniard method, the Wiener-Hopf technique and the method of images, we finally analyze the reflection response of the transient wave from a finite plane crack lying in elastic half-space subjected to SH periodic impact load. In this paper the most important subject is to observe the resonance phenomenon of the finite length crack by the periodic impact load. The relationship between transient wave reflection response from the finite crack and the impact periodic frequency is examined by the exact analysis and the numerical calculation.

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In order to assure the quality of concrete structure in construction process, the odor strength measured by odor sensor was used to evaluate curing effect. Then, the compressive strength, temperature and humidity and odor strength in ordinary concrete N and portland blast-furnace slag cement concrete BB were shown in water curing (standard curing), indoor and outdoor atmospheric curing condition. The odor strength in the concrete N and BB was related to the change in the temperature and humidity which greatly influenced on the curing effect. The difference between odor strength in the standard curing and that in each curing condition was defined as the difference in the odor strength. And the difference in odor strength in slag powder concrete BP cured in water curing (standard curing) for different period before exposing in outdoor atmosphere in winter season were evaluated at the age of 14 days. A necessity to prolong the moisture curing for the slag powder concrete BP compared with the ordinary concrete N to obtain a required curing effect was shown by measuring the odor strength and long term compressive strength.

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Three fundamental algorithms of computer graphics are presented first. The first one is an algorithm for approximating the curve with a curve-intersecting poly-line. The idea can also be used for surface approximating. The second one is an efficient algorithm for line clipping against convex windows. It sets a basis for polygon clipping. The third one is an algorithm for recognition of the chain code of curves with the method of computer graphics. The testing results show that the new algorithms not only can recognize both the perfect chain code and the chain code with noise, but also with a high speed. Then the advantages of the hexagonal grid over the traditional square grid for graphics display and our research works on the attempt for implementing the hexagonal grid display are introduced. Moreover a demand for a new optical material for a physical 3-D display that we imagine is given. Finally, an application of graphical technique on processing and recognizing of NaXi Pictographs used by Chinese national minority NaXi are introduced.

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Friction stir processing (FSP) could potentially be used to modify and refine the microstructures of aluminium alloy castings for use as structural rather than non-structural components. However, there is currently an insufficient understanding on how FSP parameters affect the individual and combined flows forming the various regions in the processed zone during FSP in literature. In this study, a cast Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy was used to provide readily identifiable processed zones. A series of FS experiments covering a wide range of tool forward (ν) and rotation (ω) speeds were conducted followed by the measurement of individual and combined stir zone areas. We have identified that the deformation of α(Al) dendrites and eutectic Al-Si sheared by the pin resulting in fine Si particles evenly distributed in α(Al) matrix was a major mode of flow. Another mode of flow was associated with the material merely dragged into the FS zone and, as a result, Si-particle clusters remained. The basic modes of material flow did not change but the volume of each individual flow and combined flow volume depended on both ν and ω. The trends observed on the present data can explain how pin rotation relates to the material transportation mechanism and the associated torque (M) required. The present data also explains how ν, not ω, relates to specific energy (E_s) and the volume of the total stir zone.

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RFID (Radio Frequency Identification, IC tag) technology has been put to practical use in many areas. It is expected that RFID will also be used in designing or developing new recycling systems or in managing waste materials. We suggest that the technology using IC tags, which are able to store a relatively great amount of data related to the specification of the materials, can be used in various recovery or separation processes and be used at the surface contamination condition. Such a process can be effective since it not dependent of the physical properties of the materials to be processed. At first, the use of a microwave type IC tag, mounted on artificial parts to be separation, was investigated as a function of the speed and distance from the IC tag data reader. Next, if IC tags are utilized for the parts reuse and store of automobiles in order to increase the material recycling rate. Moreover, the environmental burden for automobile recycling has also been discussed.

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Application of dry magnetic separation process to recover platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) contained in PGM (platinum group metals) flotation tailings (Mixture of Merensky and UG-2 from operations in South Africa was investigated in this work. Ore from UG-2 mainly contains chromite where PGMs are associated with and report to tailings during flotation. Concentrating chromite by magnetic separation can allow possible recovery of the PGMs into chromite product and further recovered by using NiS-FA process. The content of Pt and Pd in the tailings was 0.7 g/t and 0.2 g/t contained in mainly MgSiO₃ and MgCr₂O₄ minerals. A dry coil magnetic separator with its strength varied from 120 to 240 mT was used to separate the tailings into magnetic, middling and non-magnetic fractions in a two-stage operation. Up to around 2 wt% of the tailings was recovered as magnetic fraction in the final stage with Pt and Pd contents exceeding 42 g/t and 13 g/t respectively with total recovery of about 30% and 34%. About 8 wt% of the tailings reported to the middling section giving Pt and Pd contents at 8.3 g/t and 5.33 g/t with a total recovery of 5.9% and 13.2% respectively. XRD studies of the three fractions from magnetic separation show MgCr₂O₄ and MgSiO₃ as main phases in the magnetic and middling fractions indicating that Pt and Pd are contained in MgCr₂O₄. The results indicate that a dry magnetic separation process could be used to concentrate Pt in PGM flotation tailings to over 40 g/t and offer as the additional resource for recovering Pt and Pd.

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New utilization of rice hull, which is one of the agricultural by-products in Japan, is required to use as an industrial resource from a viewpoint of recycling. The rice hull silica carbon (RHS carbon) material is manufactured by mixing and impregnating the rice hull with a phenol resin, and then carbonizing in a nitrogen gas atmosphere at high temperatures. The RHS carbon has the natural porous structure that is originated from the natural structure of the rice hull. Since the RHS carbon has excellent frictional properties, it is expected to use as a friction element in a linear motion slider. However, the mechanical properties of the RHS carbon were dispersed largely, and were strongly affected by the making process. In this study, the authors discussed the effects of the impregnation rates of the phenol resin, and obtained the optimal impregnation rate to achieve the low dispersion in the mechanical properties. Moreover, the effect of the molding method on the mechanical properties was evaluated by some mechanical tests.

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Particulate matter (PM) was collected at the Hachimantai mountain range in northern Japan. In the present study, the origin and transportation course of the heavy metal elements were discussed for PM_fine and PM_coarse, determined by using PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) and back trajectory analyses. The result shows that the PM_fine emitted mainly from artificial sources, compared with the PM_coarse from natural sources, since the Enrichment Factor (EF) value and S/K ratio of PM_fine was one order higher than that of PM_coarse. The origin of Pb in PM at Akita Hachimantai mountain range has both of the anthropogenic and the metal refining origins, using the analysis of Pb/Br. Furthermore, from result of back trajectory analysis when the air mass was transported over the Japanese Islands, the air mass was mainly passed over the large-scale industrial area in Japan. The origin of As and Se were mainly gasoline and coal combustion, and were transported from Chinese continent and/or Korea peninsula.

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The cutting performance of the saw wires that are bonded with diamond grains using active metal solder has been studied. Based on this study, a new type of diamond grains bonded micro cutting saw wire which is capable of cutting Si crystals has been developed.
In conventional cutting of a Si crystal or hard material, a slurry containing diamond grains is poured into the cutting region. The slurry with diamond grains is consumed and contaminates drain. In order to prevent pollution, we have developed an environmentally friendly micro cutting wire to which the diamond grains are bonded directly by using metal solder. We call it AD wire, and the wire is capable of cutting the work pieces without any slurry. We also demonstrate that the diamond grained saw wire performs superior compared to other commercial cutting wires which are the electro plated and the resin bonded types.
In our AD process, diamond grains are bonded strongly to a tungsten wire, by the use of a specially developed bronze solder. These grains do not detach from the wire during cutting. We demonstrate using an application example that the new wire can cut Si crystals and can be widely used as a cutting wire with a long life.

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A method is proposed in this paper to detect attack traffic or anomaly by utilizing an R/S analysis. Our study so far indicates that a LS(Level Shift) or a Cycle superimposed on a discrete time series provides a dispersion in the R/S pox diagram. The LS is well expressed by both H_Sup and H_Inf, the slope of the upper- and the lower-most plots group of the pox diagram. By utilizing them as the indices of the anomaly traffic, the validity of our proposal is tested at first by a Bernoulli trial simulation and then with the traffic data of "1999 DARPA Intrusion Detection Evaluation Data Set". Tested attacks are TCP SYN Flood, UDP Storm, and Smurf and our investigations showed that H_Inf may become a promising parameter for the detection of flooding attacks.

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By irradiating evaporated 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (p-DA) monomer film with circularly polarized light (CPL), we prepared chiral poly (diacetylene) [PDA] film. The induced chirality was dependent on the rotational direction of the CPL. It was shown that the induced chirality increased with the PDA domain size, regulated by the substrate temperature. AFM image exhibited a morphological evidence of the chirality induced in the PDA film at high substrate temperature.

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To develop the practical use of high nitrogen-containing austenitic stainless steels (HNS), the possibility of using friction stir welding (FSW) of HNS was examined. In this report, butt-welding of 2 mm thick HNS steel plates was performed using a load-controlled FSW machine. Two types of welding tool materials were used in this study, namely, a Si₃N₄-based material and a WC-Co-based material. For FSW with Si₃N₄, full-penetrated and defect-free butt welding joints were successfully produced. On the other hand, for FSW with WC-Co, the tool was deformed and the stir zone did not completely reach the bottom. The stir zone produced by the Si₃N₄ tool showed a Vicker's hardness higher than the base metal and displayed a fine microstructure due to recrystallization. The yield strength and the tensile strength of the welds produced by the Si₃N₄ tool exceeded that of the base metal.

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The optical observation of the propagation of Lamb waves in an aluminum plate with stepped thickness is described. Lamb waves passing through the aluminum plate were analyzed by two-dimensional Fourier transformation to discriminate modes and thus determine mode conversion. S0-mode and A0-mode Lamb waves corresponding to theoretical dispersion curves were experimentally found to propagate in the aluminum plate. Conversion from A0-mode to S0-mode waves at the thickness step was also observed. This mode conversion of Lamb waves is thus a useful index for detecting defects such as ablation, wear and wall reduction.

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A La-containing surface layer was formed on a Fe-23 mass% Cr alloy by electrodepositing La and alloying it with the alloy in molten salt. The electrodeposition of La was carried out using a potentiostatic polarization method at constant potential in an equimolar NaCl-KCl melt containing La₂O₃ and NH₄Cl at 1023 K. EPMA analysis of the cross-section of the alloy after the electrodeposition showed that a surface region containing La of less than 1 mass% was formed. The cyclic oxidation test showed that the La-electrodeposited alloy was more resistant than the bare alloy to cyclic oxidation. On the La-electrodeposited alloy after cyclic oxidation, formation of a thin scale consisting of Cr₂O₃ was observed.

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In this study, a synthesis and extraction capability of two new thiacalix[6]arene (TC[6]A) derivatives modified at the lower or upper rims, which are TC[6]A-CH₂CONEt₂ (1) and TC[6]A-CH₂SCOCH₃ (2), respectively, will be discussed. The metal extraction properties of 1, 2, and TC[6]A (3), from automotive catalyst residue solution containing platinum-group metal cations (PGM solution) have been investigated. Compound 3 shows highest extraction capability for Zr cation which is ca. 87% (in pH 4.0 PGM solution). On the other hand, 1 shows the highest extraction capability for Zr cation which is ca. 63% (in pH 3.0 of PGM solution), 2 shows the highest extractability for Pd cation which is ca. 86% (in pH 1.5 of PGM solution) and second highest one for Zr cation which is ca. 57% (in pH 4.0 of PGM solution) respectively.

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