In this study we conducted a quantitative survey of the conservational state of 383 historical wooden churches in the Lviv Region of Ukraine. We focused on the treatments applied by religious communities for the protection and exploitation of the historical churches in their possession. The effect of each treatment was analyzed according to the architectural characteristics of Ukrainian wooden churches. During the investigation of accompanying conditions we were able to uncover some factors that influence the behavior of religious communities towards the cultural property they exploit. Obtained results can aid in prioritizing governmental policies on the protection of living religious heritage in Ukraine.

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The Bell and Drum Tower system is the most representative of the symmetrical temple pavilions of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This system existed in palaces and cities before appearing in Buddhist temples. Currently, research on the formative background of the Bell and Drum Towers is hard to find. This study aims to examine the formative background of this layout system. The results are as follows:
Firstly, the abolition of the Bell and Drum Tower system within palaces allowed for the Towers to be built freely in cities and temples. This system eventually became the most widely used layout scheme for cities and temples in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Secondly, the evolution of the symmetrical layout in Buddhist temples eventually became finalized as the Bell and Drum Towers. In the process, the Bell Tower changed pairs multiple times, in chronological order: the Sutra Tower, the Revolving Sutra Tower, other Pavilions, and finally, the Drum Tower.

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Schindler′s career reflects a strong commitment to theory and practice, a respect and appreciation for traditions of architecture, and a sharp wit to transform these lessons to local ends. Schindler searched for an architectural expression that would reflect the climate, landscape, and culture of Southern California. His reputation can be compared to architects like Alvar Aalto, Eileen Gray and Hans Scharoun, as noted in ′The Other Tradition of Modern Architecture′ by Colin St John Wilson.¹ This paper examines Schindler′s principles that consciously shaped the design of his dwellings. Using Schindler′s own definitions, three programs are categorized in this discussion: locality, materiality, and views.

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This paper aims to clarify the design method with a prototype by Le Corbusier, analyzing the transformation of the ″Museum of Unlimited Growth″ as prototype in Ahmedabad, India (1957). According to the analysis of the Le Corbusier Plans, the Carnets (Sketchbooks) and the documents of Le Corbusier′s correspondence, the author categorizes the process of the transformation of the prototype into four parts, referring to the site plan composition. As a result, the paper finds two opposed ideas: on one hand, Le Corbusier expresses the universality of the museum ″without façade″ through the small, symbolic beam-like projections on the façade. On the other hand, he camouflages the façade with plants for the mitigation of the local climate. In conclusion, the paper clarifies that the creative process of Le Corbusier′s prototype of Museum in Ahmedabad is the interaction between idealization and localization.

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This paper is an attempt to mark the emergence and awakening of modern Indonesian architecture through analyzing the content of the building engineers journal published by the professional association from the late 19th century until the outbreak of the Second World War. The content of the journal gradually shifted from general issues of construction technology to architectural design and finally to urban improvement. It is argued that by conducting an in-depth review on the shift of content of the official journal of the professional association, the beginning of Indonesian modern architecture and its impact on today's architecture and cities will be more comprehensively understood.

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Bulteok is a unique outdoor stone structure used by haenyeo – female divers who harvest marine products – and is representative of the haenyeo culture on Jeju Island, Korea. This study aims at examining the structure, form, function, and spatial transformation of bulteok on Jeju Island. Through historical records, literature reviews, and field surveys, this study has identified their structure, form and materials. The study analyzes their function and spatial characteristics through field surveys and measurement, interviews with 12 haenyeo, and observation of their behavior at bulteok on Udo Island, Jeju Province. The original bulteok are open-air structures with no roof, but new buildings for haenyeo have been constructed as replacements for those spaces. Old bulteok were mostly built in the form of a rectangle or a circle by piling up stones found on the coast. The materials of the bulteok researched are categorized into four types based on the wall enclosing the fire space: natural rock-hole, stone only, stone and cement, and stone and brick. Bulteok function as spaces for community life, changing of clothes by haenyeo, protection from weather, work activities, and training.

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This paper examines Tadashi Sekino′s identification and classification of Korean building traditions when nationalistic Japan was rapidly colonizing Korea in the early 20th century: Sekino produced a substantial body of work on Korean building traditions offering various historical understanding of them as well as future scenarios for their development in relation to the rapidly shifting political conditions of Japan′s relationship with the West. Even if Japan used him for fostering its nationalistic and colonial projects in different time periods, he however came up with nuanced ideas, which have an important bearing on the discussion regarding issues of Korean architectural modernity.

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The increasing volume of air travel and freight has led scholars to ponder the possibility of an aerotropolis, or airport city. Proponents of the aerotropolis argue that future cities will develop around airports, just as contemporary cities are organized around other means of transport such as train stations. However, critics do not agree with such a futuristic vision. Despite ongoing debates regarding the aerotropolis model, the increasing importance of airport-related infrastructures is illustrated by the recent enlargements of airports.
This article considers the case of South Korea′s Songdo International City in order to discuss the architectural aesthetics of the airport city generally. The author first traces accounts of both real and imagined airport cities in architectural and planning literature. She then proceeds to analyze the case study site as an example of the role of architecture in shaping public space. While most discussions of the airport city idea seem to suggest the existence of boundless opportunities, the task of balancing the development needs for urban infrastructure and for housing has eluded the current governance system based on the private-public partnership. Further discussions are needed on how to balance mobile and place-based activities so as to make airport cities livable.

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Pedestrian flow information has been used as the basic data for urban facility planning and architecture. Pedestrian information surveys require significant time and money. Therefore, this study assesses pedestrian flow using intermittent recording images (defined as ″PIRIs″ in this paper).
A PIRI makes it possible to visualize the state of pedestrian flow and is developed as follows:
1) Pictures of pedestrian flow are taken from a stable viewpoint.
2) These continuous pictures are imported into an analyzing platform (some type of a PC).
3) The offset of these images caused by camera movement is adjusted to the correct position. This process can be executed automatically.
In this study, the optimal shutter interval was defined as t = 1 s, and the number of images processed is defined as Tmax = 20 [frame]. Using these parameters, PIRI can be applied with ″time-space interfering model^*1.

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This study identifies an architect′s interpretation of the mass production system, and the public responses in the housing market, through the works of A. Quincy Jones. He provides an extraordinary example, in being successful in his efforts to envision professional architectural designs respecting the principles developed by mass builders. He proposed the post-and-beam system, and variations of the minimum plan in the plan layout, as the discipline in his guidebook. While his adoption of the post-and-beam system originated from criticism of the mass builders′ houses following the regional modern architects, the methodology for layout planning was apparently based on the standardized guidance of the Federal Housing Administration. In his actual projects, the consistency of the structural system and the flexible application of the minimum plan showed a significant difference with those of mass builders. In particular, the modification of the minimum plan resulted in more attractive spatial experiences for the masses, with an open kitchen centered on the family living space. His post-and-beam structural system was also effective, in visualizing the connection between inside and outside space for outdoor living spaces. His architectural effort in considering the mass housing market envisioned ideal family living spaces for the public, with the application of modern architectural disciplines to the mass production housing market.

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In the existing research on the carbon dioxide emission of buildings, the amount of construction materials in the construction phase is calculated based on the quantity computation sheet. This amount must be re-calculated according to the construction material of the quantity computation sheet when changing the construction design; thus, the reliability and compatibility of the quantity calculation is difficult to achieve. If BIM-based standardized data are used, users can immediately apply the edited factors in the design stage. Moreover, since efficiency and compatibility increase, the accuracy of the analysis and computation of CO₂ emission from various building materials can be expected.
The purpose of this paper is to present a BIM-based building carbon dioxide emission quantity assessment method to analyse the reduction of energy consumption and the CO₂ emission quantity objectively and quantitatively. The accuracy of BIM-based quantity estimation according to major construction materials is examined based on the BIM library and the modelling construction method, and guidelines are provided to the users.

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In Korea, the government has developed SEUMTER, an administration system for building-related public services, to facilitate and promote electronic submission and permission activities. SEUMTER is a progressive legality system based on 2D drawings for building administration permission services. However, there are a lot of problems related to the development of a legality system due to the complexity of Korean regulations, relationships and structures, the inefficiency of designing a legality system based on 2D drawings, the duplication examinations of documents (soliciting forms for civil affairs), and the drawings themselves. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a legality system for building administration permission services based on open Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Korea. To achieve this purpose, the authors investigate the permission procedures and regulation structures used in current building administration permissions, then formulate an ideal permission procedure and regulation structure for the legality system in Korea. In addition, the authors investigate element technologies (for example, methods of structuring regulation, BIM model checker, BIM model viewer) for a legality system based on BIM and develop a prototypical legality checking software. Finally, the authors suggest strategies and future applications for a legality system based on BIM.

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This study represents an experimental research based on the electrophysiological evaluation of perceived complexity in streetscapes. Two physical measurements of perceived complexity, based on RMS contrast statistics and fractal information, were compared to human judgmental responses issued from brainwaves using Epoc Emotiv neuroheadset. The results indicated that frequency bands showed significant results in alpha and beta power bands in occipital and frontal electrodes, respectively. The higher the degree of familiarity with the streetscape image, the higher the degree of relaxation reflected by the increase of alpha power. Alpha power increased in dark streetscape images. RMS contrast statistics as well as fractal dimension values showed a positive correlation with beta band power associated with arousal and attention.

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Green Frame is a column-beam system that uses composite precast concrete members. Previous studies have proven this system to be not only structurally safe, constructible, and economically feasible, but also environmentally friendly. However, the column and beam of the frame need to be improved further in terms of structural performance in order to reduce the CO₂ emissions. To this end, a more enhanced structural system than the existing Green Frame has been developed. The aim of this paper is to analyze the embodied energy and CO₂ reduction effect of a column-beam structure with enhanced CPC members. An apartment building project was selected as a case study, and the CO₂ reduction effect was compared between the existing and enhanced Green Frame. It was found that the improved system would result in a 3% reduction in CO₂ compared with the existing one.

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This study is aimed at investigating correlations regarding the impacts of individual traits, urban character, and urban form on Vehicle Hours Traveled (VHT). It takes the approach of focusing on the 5Ds, major elements of urban character and urban form that influence VHT. The 5Ds encompass the widely-known factors for reducing VHT through the 3Ds (density, diversity, design) introduced by Cervero and Kockelman (1997), as well as two additional elements of distance to transit and destination accessibility as appended by Ewing et al. (2008). This study utilizes individual traits, transportation data on individuals, and statistical data on cities provided by each city within micro data at the 2% level from the Micro Data Service System (MDSS) of the 2005 Population and Housing Census Data. It applies the Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) to analyze 79 cities with a population between 0.1 and 3 million and their residents, taking into account both the individual and urban levels. The 5Ds demonstrate a significant relation to the reduction of VHT. However, we conclude that density, a conventional element for enabling a reduction in VHT in Western cities, does not have a similarly great impact within the context of Korean cities. This research result is significant in that it provides basic data for the establishment of policies regarding the reduction of commuting time by car.

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Beginning in the 1950s, municipal governments and state-owned enterprises built socialist welfare housing estates. When the 1990s arrived, these agencies sold many of these same estates to the sitting tenants. Although the welfare system has changed, these pre-reform housing estates have become important in the urban environment and housing market. This paper examines their physical condition, the socio-economic profiles of their residents, and how these residents view their estates. The respective research questions are: What are the physical conditions of the pre-reform housing estates? Who lives in these estates? What are their opinions of their housing and of their estate communities? The research focuses on the Yangtze River Delta region, reporting on fieldwork in four housing estates still occupied by the original tenants. Data comes from a survey of 217 households as well as in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that most residents are older with low income. Although their housing is poorly maintained and managed, most prefer to continue living in their estate. These results suggest the central government should give local authorities autonomy regarding the renewal and maintenance pre-reform socialist welfare housing and local authorities need to take definite steps to improve the estate communities within their jurisdiction.

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Stores along commercial streets display their information to the outside using their facades facing the street to attract pedestrians, who are potential customers. Pedestrians, who are visitors to the commercial area, are exploring stores to meet the purpose of their visit. During this process, pedestrians experience the city space. This paper proposes a methodology for the sequential analysis of a commercial street from the viewpoint of pedestrian movement based on business type, which might be the most important factor for the formation of the atmosphere of a certain street, and location relationships between the pedestrians and stores on a street. To construct a quantitative model, the distribution of stores was first divided into a certain unit considering the recognition distance of pedestrians. In a divided unit, the business type of each store was replaced with a different point source individually and stacked vertically according to the location inside the building. By calculating the sequential change in intensity of the point sources, a final analytical model was obtained as the standing point of pedestrian movement. For the case study, the developed model was applied to Jungang-ro and Myeongdong-gil in Myeongdong and verified that the difference in store influence on pedestrians depended on the width of the street or number of floors where the store was located.

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In this study, the spatial characteristics of urban religious spaces were explored. A Catholic (Myeong-dong) cathedral and a Buddhist (Bongeun) temple, both situated in the Seoul urban environment, were included as representative urban religious spaces in Korea. Each space has its own unique spatiality, derived from the related historical, cultural, and religious development processes. The two religious precincts serve as both a religious space and a social area for the contemporary urban population, thus they were examined to investigate the comparative results of the literature review, the on-site impressions, and the social survey′s tendencies. The results indicated distinct spatiality and spatial functions: the Catholic cathedral precinct plays a significant role in social functions, while the Buddhist temple precinct is critical to religious functions.

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The physical environment, servicescape, could serve as a differentiator in intended market segment positioning. It needs to define for facility managers their market positioning, segmentation, and target market by creating a servicescape that will meet the target customer′s needs, wants and expectations. The purpose of this study is to segment users by employing a cluster analysis based on benefit sought and to suggest a strategy for designing servicescape in hotel facilities adopting Bitner′s (1992) conceptual framework. This research conducted a questionnaire survey to identify the benefit sought by various market segments, and to investigate demand on servicescape in hotel facilities. Based on the results of the survey, servicescacpe design for the segment groups was developed. The customized design of the servicescape by benefit segmentation, proposed that this research could support particular positioning and segmentation strategies and enhance ultimate marketing objectives. By application of the proposed strategy, various hotel facilities can be developed for target consumers.

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This study aims to determine the zero energy potential of high-rise residential buildings based on the energy use of recently occupied apartments. Among the 33 newly built apartment complexes which were occupied from 2008 to 2010, the 5 complexes whose scale, type and energy consumption rate were similar were analyzed in terms of energy consumption during the year 2012. For renewable energy, optimally tiled rooftop PV panels on the rooftops of residential buildings and PV panels in four directions with the PV system as a basis were used. The zero energy potential and strategy for residential buildings based on PV panels are suggested in this study.

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This paper investigates the basic properties of non-sintered cement (NSC) mortar produced using granulated blast-furnace slag (an industrial byproduct), phosphogypsum (PG) generated in fertilizer production, and slacked lime (SL) as a replacement for cement to reduce environmental load and carbon emissions. The experimental results indicate that NSC mortar using industrial byproducts and waste was initially weaker than mortar using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) but that there was a reversal in their long-term strength and durability. These results indicate that the use of NSC mortar can overcome various limitations of OPC structures and that further NSC research can facilitate the development and use of various alternatives to cement, which is one of the major causes of global warming.

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Thermal cracking of slender mass concrete in attached walls, retaining walls and bridge towers, is controlled by mainly using low heat cement and the control joint. However, it is impossible to control thermal cracks perfectly because the external restraint is largely in these mass concrete members. In this study, to control the thermal cracking of slender massive concrete structures, a new pipe cooling method, which is the vertical pipe cooling method, was developed and a mock-up of a wall-type mass concrete specimen was tested to investigate the validity of this method. Each pipe is connected to the header pipe, and a drainage control cap is installed at the upper end of each pipe. As a result, the hydration heat of the pipe cooling specimen was about 8–14°C lower than that of the non-pipe cooling specimen and the tensile stress generated was smaller in the pipe cooling specimen than in the non-pipe cooling specimen. In the specimen without pipe cooling, a penetrating crack with a maximum width of 0.40 mm and length of 1250 mm occurred in the middle of the specimen.

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Aiming at the extension of structural health monitoring systems, a new monitoring system with low cost and easy installation was developed in this study. The proposed system includes MEMS acceleration sensors for measuring, a single-board microcontroller GR-SAKURA for processing, and a wireless device, XBee-PRO, for communicating. Acceleration data are collected by microcontroller and transferred by wired or wireless devices to a PC for real-time monitoring. To verify the measuring performance of the proposed system, fundamental shaking table tests were conducted on a small-scale three-story specimen. Data collection and measuring accuracy were verified. The system′s applicability to structural health monitoring systems was assessed. Experimental results showed that the response accelerations and natural frequencies of the specimen measured using the proposed system coincided well with those measured using a conventional data logger. GR-SAKURA has sufficient processing capability. XBee-PRO was confirmed to satisfy basic communication requirements equal to a wired system. Therefore, the proposed system is applicable for structural health monitoring systems with high cost-performance and simple construction.

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For a vertically mixed structure composed of two parts, a lower part made of concrete and an upper part made of steel, the damping matrix of the structure is non-proportional. This paper investigates the consequences of using the modal strain energy method to estimate equivalent viscous damping ratios for such an irregular structure. First, a steel-concrete vertically mixed structure is simulated by an equivalent SDOF-SDOF oscillator using the first modal characteristics of each subsystem. The equivalent modal damping ratios are plotted as functions of the mass ratios and frequency ratios of the two subsystems. The equivalent modal damping ratios predicted by the MSE method are confirmed by exact time history analysis under various seismic ground motions. The analysis indicates that the MSE method can properly represent the displacement responses of the subsystems and that the displacement error is mainly concentrated around a frequency ratio of R_ω = 0.5-1.5. Finally, a formula is derived to obtain the relative steady-state error of the structural response under harmonic excitation. It is concluded that higher modes may generate greater response errors in modal superposition when the seismic spectrum provides intense amplification at high frequencies.

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In order to gain a good understanding of residential building energy consumption in China, a case study about occupants′ use of electricity for lighting, appliances and room air conditioners was carried out in 44 identical apartments in Beijing. Additionally, two apartments with significantly different energy consumption levels were chosen for a detailed study about the impact of occupants′ daily behavior in using lighting, appliances and room air conditioners. The results of this study demonstrate the important contribution of occupant behavior to the significant variation of electricity consumption among residential buildings. The detailed measurement of occupant behavior showed a potential in better understanding how energy is consumed in buildings and relevant information gathered from this process can help occupants change their behavior for energy saving.

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This study is aimed at analyzing the impact of effective shading design for office buildings. For shade design, the overheated period for the area in which a target building was located was estimated, the building was configured to be shaded during this period, and a different shading design was applied for each direction. Using this shade design, the daylighting performance and the reduction in cooling loads during the overheated period were evaluated. The daylighting performance was evaluated by employing the daylight factor and useful daylight illuminance (UDI). The results showed a 35% reduction in cooling loads due to the shading device. Regarding the daylight factor, more points were included in a proper daylight factor of 2–5%, which was shown to increase the UDI to 500–2,000 lux.

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Sandwich panels were tested according to the ISO 13784-1 standard by the Fire Insurers Laboratories of Korea and the Korea Institute of Construction Technology in Korea, the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden, and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Australia. The tested sandwich panels consisted of steel sheets, expanded polystyrene, and glass wool and were supplied by the Fire Insurers Laboratories of Korea. The heat release rate results were collated and compared, and the variation in the data distribution was analyzed statistically. The precision of the maximum heat release rate (HRR) and that of the THR determined according to ISO 13784-1 was ± 10.16 kW and ± 37.00 MJ, respectively, suggesting suitable consistency of HRR and THR values among the participating institutions. The inter-laboratory comparison for the assessment of the same product according to the ISO 13784-1 standard was found to be feasible despite variations in the laboratory facilities, specifically in terms of the extraction hoods and calorimeter HRR capacity.

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There is a growing interest in sustainable design in the building industry to reduce energy consumption and minimize adverse environmental impacts of buildings. The strategies for sustainable design are as follows: 1) reducing the size of the building′s equipment system and saving energy through an optimal design; 2) maximizing natural energy use through a passive solar heating system; and 3) utilizing an active system through applications of high-performance heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems, installation of new and renewable energy facilities, and so on. It is vital to evaluate and compare the energy efficiencies of design alternatives at an early design stage, and hence, to improve the energy performance of the final building, as design elements determined at an early phase in the architectural design process greatly influence the energy performance of the building itself. Further, costs increase over time with the number of design changes made. In the course of this research, the KLT (Korean lighting and thermal energy) method was revised and developed based on the lighting and thermal energy (LT) method, adjusting for South Korea′s climate and architectural regulations, which can be used to assess the energy performance of buildings. This study was conducted to determine the process of selecting optimal design alternatives to maximize building energy performance at an early stage in the process.

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This study investigates how artificial lighting affects people′s positive and negative moods, and ascertains the features of lighting environments that more effectively increase positive moods or heal negative moods. The evaluation techniques are subjective evaluation (POMS and VAS). This study discusses 10 lighting environments, which contain different color temperatures, illuminance levels and illuminance distribution types. The findings showed that general lighting can increase people′s positive moods to a higher level; however, indirect/ambient lighting is better able to reduce people′s negative moods. As to color temperature, 2700K is more advantageous to moods than 6500K in direct/central and indirect/ambient lighting. However, color temperature has very little impact on moods in general lighting. As for illuminance level, moods between 780lx and 1500lx were insignificant. These findings mean that the single factor of lighting may not be influential. The interaction effect of lighting factors plays an important role in moods.

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Through a mock-up test the surface temperature distribution and condensation characteristics were analyzed for a vacuum insulated glass (VIG) window, manufactured through an in-vacuum method, and compared with a double-glazed (DG) window. The outside air temperature was -21.2°C for a VIG window, at which the inside surface condensation begins to occur, given an inside air temperature of 20°C and an inside relative humidity of 50%; thus, given the typical weather conditions for Seoul, a VIG window is not likely to have condensation. The surface temperatures of the VIG window were found to be approximately 4 K–6 K higher than those of the DG window. In the case of the VIG window, the surface temperature of the center of glass is higher than that of the frame, because the vacuum insulated glass (VIG) has a superior insulation performance compared with the frame. However, the surface temperature of the edge of the vacuum insulated glass is lower than that of the frame, by approximately 0.9 K–1.5 K. Thus, to reduce heat loss and improve condensation resistance, measures to reduce heat loss at the glass connection should be established and frames should be utilized that have insulation performance equal to or better than VIG.

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This paper aims to explain and analyze the test results of the fire behavior of real-size bed mattress products when subjected to an open flame burner system with a total heat supply of 27 kW according to the ISO 12949 method. These results were analyzed in terms of the heat release rate, flame height, temperature, and flame-spread rate using an equation. A normal bed mattress without any fire retardant treatment has a peak heat release rate (HRR) of more than 3 MW before 300 s. After ignition, only a few minutes are allowable for the evacuation of the occupants, making it important to prevent the ignition of the bed mattress or to adopt a retardant bed mattress. The flame heights measured by analyzing a video showed good agreement with the mean flame height estimated from the dimensionless HRR calculated using the burning area in an experiment with a non-flame retardant bed mattress. Finally, the mean flame-spread rate interpolated from the measured temperature rising data at several points on the bed mattress in an experiment with a non-flame retardant bed mattress was consistent with the proposed calculation model.

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To develop an energy-efficient low-temperature radiant floor heating system in an apartment housing unit from an improved the overall heating system efficiency perspective, it is essential to consider the occupants′ thermal comfort and evaluate the thermal environment and thermal output of the radiant panel. This study evaluated the heating performance of a low temperature radiant floor heating system by monitoring the water flow rates, supply and return water temperatures, indoor room temperatures and floor surface temperatures through field measurements, and surveyed the occupants′ thermal comfort through questionnaires. Based on the results of field measurements and the occupants′ questionnaires, the heating performance and thermal comfort sensation of a low-temperature radiant floor heating system were analyzed. The design considerations of a low temperature radiant floor heating system are suggested.

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Thermal insulation plays a key role in saving energy consumed by buildings. To obtain a high level of insulation performance, repeated thermal bridges should be minimized. These bridges may cause a substantial heat loss through the building envelope. Recently, the application of curtain walls has been rapidly increasing. However, thermal bridges frequently occur in the non-vision panel system in which the insulation materials are installed because of the numerous metal members passing through the insulation layer. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of thermal bridges on the insulation performance of curtain wall panels in terms of the energy performance and internal surface condensation risk. A three-dimensional steady state heat transfer simulation was performed for four types of panel systems: insulation-joined metal sheet, insulation-separated metal sheet, bracket-fixed metal panel and screw-fixed metal panel. The heat loss, effective U-value, lowest internal surface temperature and lowest temperature factor of each panel system with and without thermal bridges were calculated and compared.

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This study explains the experiment for evaluating the performance of small-sized wind power generators, in which outdoor air that increases with height of high-rise apartment buildings is induced into the exhaust openings of kitchens and bathrooms. This outdoor air generates an ascending air current and a certain amount of electric energy, which are needed for operating buildings. To apply small-sized wind power generators to exhaust openings of kitchens and bathrooms in existing apartment buildings, a constant driving wind velocity of 3 m/s is required. Performance experiments in laboratories and application experiments on building rooftops, in which outdoor air induction modules were applied to existing exhaust openings of kitchens and bathrooms, show that when outdoor air and exhaust wind velocity are lower than 2 m/s, a driving wind velocity of higher than 3 m/s, which is needed to generate wind power, can be obtained. Furthermore, the generated amount increases by 29%.

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