The social concern with Britain's relationship with the European Union has been growing for the last several years. As everybody knows, on the23rd of June 2016 Britain decided to end the membership of the European Union. Although studies have been made on Euroscepticism, there is little agreement on the underlying cause of Brexit. The purpose of this study is to examine the 2016 EU referendum andthe so-called Brexit. I will concentrate on the following issues: (1) the reasons that a British Conservative, David Cameron held a referendum on the question of Remain or Leave, and (2) the outcome of the EU referendum in every English region outside London.In conclusion, Cameron's Conservative statecraft has a connection with holding the EU referendum, and historically Englishness is not irrelevant to Brexit. But the effects of Englishness in England on the geographical distribution of 'Leave' voters is opento discussion.

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In Taiwan, there were three referendums from 2004 to 2008 under Chen Shui-bian Government. First one was held by article 17 of Taiwan ReferendumAct 2003, it says the President can raise a referendum under the case of the national crisis by any foreign powers. President Chen Shui-bian set the first referendum of Taiwan to vote together with presidential election. Then, in January2008, second referendum was set with General Election of Legislative Yuan, and last one was set with another presidential election in March 2008. Latter two referendums were set through two stage national signature campaign requested by the law. Though themultiplex process of referendum, all of those were in failure by lower voting rate than 50%, and they were not to express the real public opinion but for substitute battle of major political parties at the National Assembly of Taiwan.

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A referendum to decide whether to become a part of Russia or to remain in Ukraine was held in Crimea on March 16, 2014. Although the Ukrainian government called it ”illegal and invalid,” Crimean parliament declared independence, concluding a treaty with Russia, claiming that more than 90% of voters supported the ”reunification” with Russia. This was the third referendum in Crimea after 1991 and 1994, thus deepening the separatist movement from Ukraine. Characteristics of the Crimean separatism and referendums can be summarized as follows: First, the referendum was used as a tool to achieve ”reunification” with Russia, which was perceived by Russians (both in Crimea and mainland Russia) as ”historical justice”. Second, the Soviet Union's negative legacies (such as Stalin's deportation of Crimean Tatars, lack of experience in democratic elections, chaos before and after the state collapse) further complicated the situation. Third, the fact that Ukraine's secession from the USSR provoked Crimean Russians' separatism from Ukraine, which consequently forced Crimean Tatars to claim their right in Crimea revealed the sensitive question as to what extent the right of self-determination should be realized in the typical ”Matryoshka” structured society. A final characteristic to note includes the external factors which encouraged Russia's annexation of Crimea. Therefore, by explaining the historical background, the process of the Ukrainian Crisis as well as the impact of the referendums of Crimea, this paper aims to clarify the meaning and significance of the Crimean case.

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This survey experimental research shows the formation mechanism about the political concern of new voters who are 18 or 19 years old. Previousresearches have discussed young people's political activities based on political socialization. The political socialization these are divided into initial and late socialization, however researchers did not clarify the relation between both socializations.This research uses two scenarios to clarify the relation: the propagation of political norms in the initial socialization and the pursue of political profits in the late one. This research found out that the new voters increase their political concern onlybased on political norms, and other voters increase this concern only based on political profits. From these findings, it is shown that new voters tend to concern the political system itself regardless of the political profits.

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