The purpose of this study was to clarify the early stage of the midwifery education for licensure at Tokyo Hospital Midwife School from Tai Hasegawa's activities and the reaction of Tokyo-Fu on advertisement for midwifery student candidates. The primary historical materials were the official documents between Tai Hasegawa and Tokyo-Fu from the 9th to the 11th of Meiji kept at Tokyo-Fu official documents Department. The secondary historical materials were newspaper advertisement for midwifery student candidate and other materials on midwifery appeared in the Tokyo Nichinichi and the Yomiuri from the 9th to the 11th of Meiji. The results showed some facts of the early stage of midwifery education for licensure at Tokyo-Fu Hospital Midwife School as follows: 1) School regulation and curriculum. 2) Tai Hasegawa's activities and the reaction of Tokyo-Fu on advertisement for midwifery student candidates. 3) The changes of admission capacity and starting time of instruction. 4) Characteristics of newspaper advertisement. The results of this study will serve as the basic material for study of the development of modern Japanese midwifery education and qualification system.

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The purpose of this study was to search factors of clinical nursing activity and to reveal the present clinical nursing situation based on the analysis of 41 care situations consisted of 3 patients and 10 nurses, focusing on how clinical nurse resolved their patient's nursing problem. Grounded Theory Approach was used as a reference and all data were collected by participant observation without intervention. Then codes, subcategories and categories were obtained as the followings. 1. From patient's behavior, 78 codes were emerged, these codes were formed into 19 subcategories. Moreover, physical, psychological and social aspects were classified into 3 categories. These 3 aspects influenced each other, and it was suggested that patient was an unitary man more than sum of aspects. 2. 2 subcategories in the psychological aspect were emerged, those were "Patient's reaction due to appropriate nursing care" and "Patient's reaction due to inappropriate nursing care" 3. From nursing activity, 156 codes were emerged, then these codes were formed into 42 subcategories, and these subcategories were classified into 3 categories. Namely, "factor of related to performance of nursing process", "factor of supporting the performance of nursing process" and "factor of related to self-actualization of nurse". It was suggested that clinical nurses had performed many nursing activities, but clinical nurses could not resolve their nursing problems enough. Moreover, varied obstacles were shown in subcategories of knowledge, common sense, attitude, responsibility and organized activity that were included in category of factor of supporting the performance of nursing process. 4. From nursing activity, the subcategory of "influence on patient due to nursing care" was emerged, and this factor was related to nurses' self-actualization.

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