After the World War I the armistice day was celebrated for a few years on Nov. 11th. But again the world played a foolish game (World War II) only after 20 years. Now we have passed 35 years since the Hiroshima atom bomb disaster, and there are such atmosphere as it is out of date to speak of the atom bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is now being pursuaded to promote military renovation from U. S. A., some Japanese financiers and goverment officials are crying to raise military enterprise against the menace of U. S. S. R.
Japan had abolished old militarism to keep her peace institution. Why we must go back to the height of folly once more ? Citizens at Hiroshima are very delicate to be touched their miserable disaster, Mr. Matsumura, the commissioner of our general convention, advised me not to speak on this item.
But I dared to appeal the members of our Society in defence of peace of the world and next generation, as I thought it is our duty to be responsible to the world, though not directly but through some English and American sources on the Hiroshima atom born disaster.

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Three missionaries transferred from China to Japan organized a mission in 1886, Kobe as its center and attempted to establish churches, schools for girls and young men in the western part of Japan, chiefly in the coastal area of the Inland Sea.
Hiroshima Jogakuin had been originated from the small private school for girls founded in 1886 by a baptized Japanese named Teikichi Sunamoto. After wards it was combined with other two similar schools, entrusted to the hand of the Mission Board. The request being granted and Nannie B. Gaines came to Japan in 1887 as the first principal of the school. Under her leadership the first school for girls in Hiroshima gradually expanded as to form an allround educational institution with its kindergarten, primary school, Kindergarten Training Department, junior and senior high schools, and two College courses, though some of them were abolished or removed.
Two years later, the Kwansei Gakuin was opened in Kobe. At the beginning it was managed and operated by the South Mission alone, later the Canadian Mission decided to accept the proposal from the South to unite both Methodists in the educational work for young men. Under joint administration it grew larger and came to hold a prominent place among the Christian univrsities in western Japan.

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The Ministry of Education established Hiroshima Foreign Language School, at Otemachi, Hiroshima City in 1870.
In those days there were as many as 98 foreign language schools, public and private reflecting the social conditions of the time.
But Hiroshima Foreign Language School was the only one institution in Chugoku District.
As I own some basic historical materials concerning Hiroshima Foreign Language School and Hiroshima English School, I have introduced some of them and added some explanation to them.
The materials introduced in this report are mainly concerned about Hiroshima Foreign Language School Regulations.
I would like to refer to Hiroshima English School in my next report.

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This study is concerned with several studies which were done before 1945 in Hiroshima Higher Normal School and Hiroshima University of Literature and Science on the history of teaching English in Japan.
Generally speaking, English studies and teaching have been the most important concern in Japan especially after the Meiji Restoration (1868). However, the historical survey and sketches were long ignored. In Hiroshima, some professors were interested in this special field and initiated the study before and about the time Harold E. Palmer came to Japan. They were Prof. Mamoru Sakurai and Prof. Kenji Kaneko. The study of this sort were further continued and eagerly pursued by Sakurai and his friend Prof. Kazumatsu Sadamune in particular. This study describes their personal histories and the chronological table of their historical studies with some comments.

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1. The background of the survey, study, and exhibition :
It was a great experience for the author to have met a large number of English books used by the Navy School (located at Etajima) in the library of University of Hiroshima in 1966. The author's studies on the thesis came from the ones of Shobara English School first and then those of Hiroshima Jogakuin, Navy School, and some outstanding middle schools here. They have been connected with one another from the lagrer viewpoint of education and the personages, as doctors Gentan Watanabe, Paul Yoshiro Saeki, and Rev. James William Lambuth.
2. The bibiographic materials from Shobara English School :
Established in 1884, this school educated many students through English which the graduates from Keio Gijuku instructed. Of the library of Dr. G. Watanabe, which includes 1372 volumes, 10 books are listed up.
3. The bibliographic materials from the Navy School :
The Navy School educated a number of great sailors through English education, which would surely be seen from 4000 volumes that have been succeeded by the library of University of Hiroshima after the World War II. Out of 1834 volumes in foreign languages in 'general education' (liberal arts and science), the author selcted 127 volumes from the standpoint of English education carried out in its modern history.
4. The library of the late Mr. Masafumi Kake and his English studies :
The late Mr. M. Kake deserves the important personage as one of the disciples of the writer Soseki Natsume, who suggested a list of English literature for him in the rural country here. Out of his 3000 volumes, the author was permitted to exhibit 52 volumes in the 16th Annual Meeting of Nippon Eigakushi Gakkai in Hiroshima in 1979.

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In his elaborate work, “A Historical Study of Anglo-Japanese Intercourse” published in 1937, Prof. Muto says (p. 91) that Nagasaki City obtained the “Log of the Proceedings of His Majesty's Ship Phaeton” for the compilation of its own history. However, this is not the log, but a general account of the voyage. The Phaeton's Nagasaki journal of 4-6 October 1808 was entirely unknown to the Japanese until Mr. A. J. Farrington, an English member of our Society, provided me with a recopy of the original, in 1979. It is my attempt to follow the English ship's visit to Nagasaki, and the havoc it caused on the part of the local government there and the garrison of the Saga clan responsible for the defence of the harbour. My further aim is to follow the subsequent endeavours of the clan who, overcoming the “dishonour” that they had incurred upon themselves, renovated their domestic policies so that they developed into one of the most powerful clans, and in the Meiji era, were able to send into the new government “a cloud” of competent personnel headed by Shigenobu Okuma.

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The first Japanese translation of Thomas Hobbes' “Leviathan” (1651) was “Shukenron” (Theory of Sovereignty) by an unknown author which was published by the Ministry of Education in 1883 during the highest of the popular right movement against the Meiji Government. It was an abridged translation of the nine chapters from the fifteen chapters of “Leviathan”. As is well known, in spite of Hobbes' defense of the absolute sovereignty, he was not a divine right thinker, but required absolutism only to secure the equal and fundamental natural right or right of individual self-preservation. It would be clear that the Meiji Government intended to utilize “Leviathan” as a strong weapon against the popular right movement, but in truth Hobbes' political theory does not fit for that intention. Though the translator wisely omitted Book I of “Leviathan” which contained the detailed theory of individualistic natural right and translated only the parts of Book II which asserted the absolute sovereignty, the first Japanese translation showed an unique character of Hobbes' political theory unintendedly or disguisedly. This article intends to testify this discrepancy by comparing Japanese translation and original English of chapter 17 and chapter 21 of “Leviathan”.

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L. L. Janes (1838-1909), one of the greatest foreign employees in the early years of Meiji, stayed in Japan twice. His first stay as the teacher at the Kumamoto Yogakko (Kumamoto School for Western Learning) is well known for his miraculous success both as the teacher of Western learning and as the founding father of “the Kumamoto Band”. But his second stay as a teacher at schools in Kyoto and Kagoshima has not been investigated as well for various reasons.
In 1977 many longed-for manuscripts of Janes written in his later years were made public at the Firestone Library of Princeton University. In addition, I could recently look over the documents of the personnel sections of the Daisan Koto Chu Gakko (the Third Higher Middle School) and the Daisan Koto Gakko (the Third High School) where Janes was employed in Kyoto. In this paper I try to do research as to how Janes worked there, how influential he was through his work, and how his stay in Kyoto affected himself, making use of these materials.

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Dr. J. C. Hepburn of the American Presbyterian Mission landed at Kanagawa on October 18, 1859, and stayed in Jobutsuji, a Buddhist temple. As a medical missionary, he treated native patients in the neighborhood. S. R. Brown of the Reformed Church Mission arrived at Kanagawa fourteen days after, and stayed in the same temple. J. Goble of the Free Baptist Mission, who came to Kanagawa on April 1st, 1860, and G. H. Ballagh of the Reformed Church Mission, who came to Kanagawa on November 11, 1861, stayed in Jobutsuji also. Those four missionaries began to translate the New Testament into Japanese while studying the language.
On December 29, 1862, Dr. Hepburn moved to No. 39, Yokohama and opened his own dispensary. He was very busy treating patients, teaching medical students, and making a dictionary, but continued to translate the New Testament. In 1866, he published Waei-gorin-shusei, the first Japanese-English dictionary. Goble published his Japanese edition of Matthew in 1871. Ballagh gave up his intention of translating the Bible, as the Great Fire of Yokohama in 1866 burnt his manuscripts.
Nathan Brown of the American Baptist Mission came to Yokohama on February 7, 1873, just before the removal of the edict against Christianity. Immediately he started the translation of hymns and some parts of the Bible in his house, 67, Bluff, Yokohama.
The first New Testament Translation Committee was organized in 1872, in which S. R. Brown, Dr. Hepburn, and D. C. Greene of the American Board became the members. But the committee could not act, because Dr. Hepburn was abroad and Greene was in Kobe. The second New Testament Translation Committee started in 1874. The members were S. R. Brown, Dr. Hepburn, Greene, and Nathan Brown. They translated the New Testament in S. R. Brown's house, 211, Bluff, Yokohama.
Nathan Brown left the committee in 1876, because of his different view from the other members' about the translation of the word 'Baptisma'. In 1879, he published the first Japanese edition of the entire New Testament by himself.
The Standard Japanese New Testament was completed by the committee in 1880. S. R. Brown returned to America the year before, as he was seriously ill. About three-fourths of the work was translated by Dr. Hepburn.
The Standard Japanese Old Testament was completed in 1888 by the second Old Testament Translation Committee which was organized in 1882. Dr. Hepburn, G. H. F. Vrebeck of the Reformed Church Mission, and P. K. Fyson of the C. M. S. were the members. Dr. Hepburn, who was the leading member in charge, translated most of the Old Testament in his house, 245, Bluff, Yokohama.

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In Kobe also, the early settlers enjoyed athletic matches, and both sports educators and historians have elucidated the details of the early activities of the K. R. & A. C. But because of the absence of the important records like 'The Book of Proceedings of the K. R. & A. C.', we can still find some blancs, as far as the activities of the latter seventies are concerned. Here the pages of the Hiogo News and the Hiogo Shipping List can introduce another interesting match (April 1879) and some 'new' swimming and football games, and lead us to have a clearer view of the courses along which the European sports found their way into Western Japan.
At the same time, we will make brief allusions to the organization of the K. R. & A. C. and the features of its members, and to other attending circumstances-prizes, sportswears, spectators, interportal matches etc.

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When any idea or thought is brought from one culture to another, it usually undergoes some change ; and the way of change depends mainly on the conditions of the society which receives it. In other words the way of the response to the new culture reveals the recipient society itself.
If it is followed chronologically how James Joyce was received in Japan, the social-cultural history of Japan of that period may, though partially, be illuminated. Unlike other foreign writers, James Joyce's influence upon Japanese literary mind, either directly or indirectly, was extraordinarily big. It was because at that time Japan was just in the midst of great and rapid change both materially and morally : the second daybreak of modern times in Japan.
In this paper, some thirteen years, from his first introduction into Japan in 1918 (the 7th year of Taisho) until the peak of his boom in 1931 (the 6th year of Showa), is to be studied chiefly through the journalism.

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Eigo Kaitei, which means “first steps in English”, is the first English spelling book published in Japan in 1866 by the School Kaiseidzio, an institution founded by Tokugawa Government. The book consists of 21 sections in which the alphabet, the pronunciation of each letter, syllables and words of two and three letters, words with digraphs, diphthongs and silent letters, and words of four, five and six letters, etc. are taught in easy and natural gradations. The book met with a favorable reception and was widely used as a textbook for beginners of English for several years till The Elementary Spelling Book by Noah Webster took over its position.
Eigo Kaitei has no preface nor the name of it's author. However, because of the resemblance to The Elementary Spelling Book up to Section III and of the difference from it in the rest of the sections which contain some words whose pronunciations are different from their present-day pronunciations, Eigo Kaitei has been regarded to have been written by the professors at the School Kaiseidzio who analyzed the pronunciations of English words pronounced by the Japanese people at that time and systematized them in accordance with The Elementary Spelling Book by Noah Webster.
This paper reports a new finding that Eigo Kaitei is a slightly modified reproduction of Part I of An English Spelling Book by Lindley Murray. The original text has been identified as the one once possessed by the school and now by Shizuoka Prefectural Library. The title of the original text is : An English Spelling-Book ; with reading lessons adapted to the capacities of children : in three parts. Calculated to advance the learners by natural and easy gradations ; and to teach orthography and pronunciation together. By Lindley Murray, author of “An English Grammar”, etc. etc. The forty-fifth edition, Paris. Baudry's European Library, 9 Rue du Coq, near the Louvre, 1839.

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