Some twenty years ago, this writer referred to Exercises in the Yokohama Dialect in Yokohama in the Meiji Era. As Frank Daniels (1948) states, “for all its fooling (humorous 'English' spellings of Japanese words, mock-serious grammatical notes, etc.), ” the pamphlet shows its author to have been “an acute and accurate observer.” The review of the pamphlet in The Japan Gazette (Nov. 1, 1879), reprinted from The New Quarterly Magazine, indicates the author of the pamphlet was Hoffman Atkinson, though his name does not appear on any of the copies this writer has seen. Hoffman Atkinson was a resident of Yokohama for several years and later became secretary of the American Legation in St. Petersburg.
No copy of the first edition has been found, but its review is found in The Japan Weekly Mail (Nov. 22, 1873). A copy of the second edition (1874), as well as some copies of the revised and enlarged edition, has been kept in the Yokohama Archives of History. The edition, revised and enlarged by “the Bishop of Homoco, ” was published in 1879, and has been reprinted many times, though the date of reprint is not always included.
Some facts about F. A. Cope, whose pseudonym was “the Bishop of Homoco, ” and about John Grigor and Ng Choy, to whom, in addition to Max Muller, the pamphlet was dedicated, have been ascertained.

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Of the language schools founded during the Meiji Era in Kagawa Prefecture, Eika Gakko established in 1893 by Hanzo Okauchi, who learned English at Kokumin Eigaku-kai, was one of the most prosperous private schools. Those schools made a contribution to the development of secondary education in the prefecture before public secondary schools were established, and produced a large number of promising young men, among whom was Bukichi Miki. Okauchi closed the school after eight years, and, then, he studied his English in the United States. After teaching in Tokyo for several years, he moved to Talien and there he founded another language school, Dairen Gogakko (Talien Language School) in 1920.
This paper sheds light on his contribution in Kagawa, investigating the history of his English language learning. His contribution through the establishment of and teaching at Dairen Gogakko is to be reported in another paper.

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Basil Hall, who as captain of His Majesty's Ship Lyra stayed in Ryükyü for forty days in 1816, wrote, “Two of the natives have been studying English with great assiduity, and with considerable success. One is called Madera, the other Anya… They are both keen fellows, and always amongst the strangers.” These two officials were Fusaaki Maehira and Masasuke Aniya.
This paper intends to follow Aniya's activities as an interpreter by examining the books of Captain Beechey, C. Gutzlaff, W. Williams and P. Parker, who successively came to Ryükyü from 1820s to 1840s.
When the British warship Blossom, the British ship Lord Amherst and the American ship Morrison arrived at Naha port, the crew were surprised by being warned by a native interpreter, “What for come Doo-choo? How many guns? Plenty guns?” in broken English. He was Aniya who had learnt English when the Alceste and Lyra stayed in Ryükyü in 1816.
Though Ryükyü Kingdom strictly denied trading with foreign countries, native government treated foreigners kindly, supplying water and food without demanding any payment. Captain Beechey who came to Ryukyu in 1827 and other authors of log-books praised Aniya as an able interpreter and recognized Ryukyu kingdom as a very polite and amicable country.
When Commander Perry's squadron came to Ryukyu on its way to Japan in 1853 and 1854, Chôten Itarajiki (later Chôchfi Makishi), who had studied English from Aniya (later Yoseyama) played a remarkable role in his difficult negotiations with Americans. English studies in Ryükyü were initiated by Maehira and Aniya, and then were succeeded by Itarajiki.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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Here is an early photograph of Christopher Carrothers, an American Yatoi teacher and ex-Presbyterian missionary. It was taken in May, 1880 at Akita Normal School where he was teaching English. Previously it has only been viewed by a limited number of alumni. The only other known picture of Carrothers in Japan is one which was taken in 1892 when he was leaving Kanagawa Normal School.
In this paper, in addition to the introduction of the photograph, explanatory remarks are made about several persons in the picture. The people included are the Governor of the Prefecture, the Principal and other teachers and some graduating students who were taught by Carrothers. These students grew up to be a politician who was also a journalist and banker; a mayor and entrepreneur; mining and agricultural engineers; teachers at their old school; a librarian, and so on.

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