Considering the land, land tenure, and the project benefits received by the 116 respondents who are members of the People's Organization in relation to the objectives of Community Based Forest Management Program, i.e., sustainable forest management and upliftment of the socio-economic status of the beneficiaries, the study showed benefits provided by the project comes in environmental and economic forms. More than 2,000ha of forest tree and agroforestry plantations were established. For forest tree plantation however, the government has yet to allow the People's Organization to conduct at least thinning activity on their plantations. On the other hand, the economy of the community especially the members of the People's Organization improved at least during the project funded period. In the analysis of data, it was found that those with bigger land claims and security of tenure have more economic benefits during and after the project especially when harvesting commence. While many studies focus on the members, the study also showed the differences among the members and how each membership types allocate their lands. Based from the total respondents, the average land allocated for the project is 2.3ha, the average land for food and commercial production is 2.0ha, and that the average total land claim is 4.2ha. Around 27% of the total members (2003 membership data) have individual land tenure through Certificate of Stewardship Contracts issued during the Integrated Social Forestry Program period roughly 10% have Memorandum of Agreement with the PO because they allowed their area to be developed under the project. With the present PO situation, the remaining majority of the PO members comprising 63% based on 2003 membership data that could not have individual land tenure security because they do not have lands developed under the project is in the brink of moving away from the PO.

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Following the 1997 Indonesian economic crisis, faith in agriculture was justified and plantation farmers reacted by expanding their fields at the expense of forest cover. The objectives of this study were to examine the spatial pattern of land-cover changes that occurred in the Rawa Danau Nature Reserve, Indonesia, with the background of the economic crisis period and to characterize the situation of local people causing agricultural expansion in this area. A satellite-image analysis and a household-survey analysis were executed. The economic crisis has played a major role in changing land-use practices and has affected protected areas. The satellite-image analysis shows that a rapid change of vegetation-cover occurred after the economic crisis as compared with the period prior to the crisis. The household-survey and spatial analyses show that, initially, villagers located near protected areas are more likely to encroach on protected areas than villagers located further away from protected areas. However, after a period of several years, even distant villagers encroached upon the nature reserve. Aside from proximity of access, the smaller size of agricultural land holdings, the larger number of tenant farmers and the increase of unmonitored access to the nature reserve after the economic crisis were the characteristics of agricultural expansion villages within the study area.

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In recent decades, China has seen a rapid increase in the number of nature reserves. This has led to many conflicts between nature reserve managerial boards and local residents. In other developing countries, the importance of enhancing understanding, perceptions, and attitudes of local residents has been shown to be of importance. However, top-down management in China still does not pay sufficient attention to the significant role of the participation of local residents. Here, we demonstrate the need to win support and encourage participation of local people in order to effectively manage nature reserves in China. The purpose of this paper was to understand local residents' perceptions, attitudes, and participation in nature reserves in the Beijing area by conducting a questionnaire survey. The results indicate that the majority of local residents hold favorable attitudes and intend to participate in the management of reserves. A structural equation model and analysis of variance revealed that the most positive attitudes and willingness to participate in management of nature reserves was mostly driven by a positive perception of the economy, i.e., increased employment through direct or indirect involvement of local residents. Positive participation has the potential to favorably shape local residents' perceptions and attitudes toward nature reserves. To win sustained local support, nature reserves should pay more attention to improving local income by creating new employment and environmental education opportunities.

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This report presents the vertical distribution of the stem cross-sectional area increment of the hypothetical tree with average stem size and form in even-aged stands of Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). Datasets from five long-term permanent sample plots established on the Kii Peninsula, central Japan, were used. In these plots, total height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of every living tree have been continuously measured several times at about 5- or 10-year intervals for over 40 years, but stem form has not been measured. The average relative stem curves determined for Hinoki cypress stands in Nara Prefecture were applied. The stem form of the hypothetical tree at each measurement was estimated by substituting the average total height and DBH into the average relative stem curve. The vertical distribution of the stem cross-sectional area increment was calculated as the difference between the stem forms at the beginning and end of the successive measurements. The vertical distributions in these plots were broadly divided into three types based on increasing trend downward in its lower portion: increase, constant, and decrease. Furthermore, variations in form of the vertical distribution were associated with intraspecific competition within the stands. In conclusion, the vertical distribution of the stem cross-sectional area increment presented here would be a useful indicator for planning stand density management.

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