Investigating visitors preferences is important for supporting landscape planning and management of natural parks, we must understand what landscapes visitors prefer and where those landscapes generate. Thus, it is necessary to create evaluation methods, and “Visitor employed photography” has been regarded as one of the useful method. This study conducted two kinds of investigation with a view to create a more effective survey method that utilizes Visitor employed photography. The first investigation aimed at efficiency using a social network service (SNS) and smartphones as survey tools. The second approach aimed to locate the evaluated landscapes through GIS analysis within the site. For this approach, respondents carried Smartphones built in GPS units to get the geospatial information. The overall objective was to verify these procedures and create a method to understand landscapes that visitors prefer. The survey was conducted on Gwanaksan Urban Natural Park, in Seoul, South Korea. Sixty respondents were participated in on-site survey and 921 photos with geospatial information were collected. GIS analysis of these photos clarified five hot spots and its spatial characteristics and landscape that visitors prefer. In this way, this study yielded significant information for creating a method to understand landscapes that visitors prefer.

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In 1931 a system of National Parks has been established for the purpose of protection and usage of natural landscape. While “fuukei / landscape” is the subject of this system, its concept and definition has been a subject of discussion due to some confusion with synonyms like “keikan / landscape”. In this study, the focus has been set to the landscape concept defined by Tsuyoshi Tamura in the beginning of the National Parks. As a result of this study, three points have been identified: 1) “fuukei” and “keikan” were not used with clear distinctions through 1910’s to early the 1930’s, which time frame had been set as this study subject; and 2) there were some usages with the word “fuukei” and “keikan” based on Tamura’s definition. In addition, Tamura has put much emphasis on “scene from a specific view point with a sense of evaluation” as a concept of landscape. National Parks have established by this Tamura’s landscape concept. 3) After 1935 Tamura has used with clear distinctions with “fuukei” and “keikan” and that concept is different clearly.

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The field surrounded in the hedge of the cycas called “Sotetsubate, fields with cycas” is in Amami-Oshima. The cycas has deep involvement in a life and culture of Amami-Oshima. This research clarifies history of utilization, then arranging the present condition of the form of the cycas utilization. Especially, grasped the existing condition of “Sotetsubate”. Research sample regions are Kasari and two areas of Kominato where “Sotetsubate” exists in Amami-Oshima. The differences between Kasari and Kominato, such as location and fronting on the road and among small things, were able to observe the deference in the scale of farmlands, utilization, and the composition of the hedge. On the other hand, the frequency of appearance of the cycas of the hedges is very high, the cycas was using variously for the leaf, the trunk, and the seed since modern times, it was common that a part of these utilization is existing, and it became clear that the cycas was a familiar existence still now.

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There is a growing attention to the concept of the coupled social-ecological system (SES) where human and biophysical systems are intricately linked. This recognition calls for a more integrated approach for the sustainable use and conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. In this paper, we identified hotspot of social-ecological production landscapes (SEPLs) of the Noto Peninsula, Ishikawa, where both human-perceived social and physically measured ecological values overlap. Questionnaire survey was conducted targeting at residents of and (potential) visitors to the Noto Peninsula to explore human-perceived landscape values of the study area. The result of questionnaire survey was geo-referenced to develop value surfaces of twelve landscape values with a Geographic Information System (GIS). In addition, the ecological value map was developed employing Satoyama Index as an indicator for agricultural landscape heterogeneity, which was then overlaid with the maps of landscape values to identify spatial distribution of hotspots of social-ecological production landscapes. Our analysis identified that hotspots existed across the study area, especially in coastal plains of suburban areas where diverse land use with multiple landscape values were observed. We concluded the paper by discussing the limitations and potential managerial implications of hotspots mapping of social-ecological production landscapes for sustainable landscape management.

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In Japan’s modern era land readjustment system is a very important procedure of urban development. In the land readjustment area of Kyoto city we are able to find some historical transitions in the layout method of “machi”, the minimum unit of town community. The city’s technical guidelines in 1935 adopted street conscious method in “machi” layout. One “machi” was settled on both sides of a street. A street was the axis of a “machi”. This is similar to the traditional structure of the Kyoto city. This guideline was canceled in 1972 by new technical guideline which had the block conscious method. But in reality, street conscious method had been abandoned in 1940’s. In this city’s western area, there are several land readjustment areas in full of variety in built-up time. In this paper we compare them one another, and analysis relationship between their “machi” layout and social and physical conditions in those days.

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Most of the sites of castles in Japan are now public parks. However, the timing and process of their conversion into parks differed from city to city. This study looks at the site of Akita (Kubota) Castle, showing how it was made into a park after the completion of the initial design and revised designs. Nagaoka Yasuhei created a design for the site in 1896 that was later revised three times. The 1896 design included Shokonsha and the Akita Jinja shrine, while making use of the ruins of the castle. Over the next two years the prefecture created a park according to this design, increasing the budget several times to accomplish this. Additional work was carried out over the next two years, again with extra funding. Revised designs in 1902 and 1907 added partial landscaping and moved Akita Jinja out of the park. After this the prefecture made no more prominent changes. A revised design of 1911 was intended to expand the park and dispose of the remaining castle ruins. The prefecture immediately budgeted funds for the new work and actively promoted the completion of the park.

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In this study, we used three variegated cultivars of Euonymus japonicus (Ougon masaki (Euonymus japonicus Thunb. cv.ougon), Kin masaki (Euonymus japonicus Thunb. cv.kin), and Gin masaki (Euonymus japonicus Thunb. cv.gin)), in the six rate (0%, 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, 80%) light shading experiment during the eleven months. As a result, the degree of spindly growth was strongly shown Ougon masaki > Kin masaki > Gin masaki. Also, the spindly growth appeared in Ougon masaki and Kin masaki in the 20% - 35% light shading environment. For the reasons mentioned above, it seems that it is desirable to plant Gin masaki where there is not much sunlight. And, it was confirmed that all test plants grow except for the 80% light shading environment. Regarding leaf color changes, it was presumed that Ougon masaki is most influenced by all test plants, and it is difficult to keep the original leaf color (bright yellow or pale yellow) in the 50% - 80% light shading environment. On the other hand, it is clear that, on Kin masaki and Gin masaki, the leaf color changes less. Thus, they are a little influenced by shady environment.

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In this study, the author’s objective is to investigate the effects of outdoor-leisure pool usage promotions in the urban park against the increase or decrease of the number of visitors, which was introduced by the designated maintenance operating system and the usage fee system. In particular, after analyzing nationwide data on the administrative operations of outdoor-leisure pools all over Japan and the number of the increase and decrease of the visitors over the past 20-years at the outdoor pool in “Taiko-Yama-Land Pool Plaza” in the Toyama Prefectural City Park. As a result of this study, the author confirmed that the increase and decrease in the number of visitors not only correlates with the day of the week, in addition to climate conditions like duration of sunshine, but also is influenced by usage promotions by the designated maintenance operating system.

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The road landscape from travelling vehicle is a valuable tourist attraction for Hokkaido, because the driving tour becomes popular recently. To increase Hokkaido’s competitiveness in tourism, it is necessary to find what and where regional uniqueness of road internal landscape in Hokkaido is. In this study, the HLI which represents the regional uniqueness of road internal landscape in Hokkaido is devised by the impression test to people living outside Hokkaido and the equation which estimates the HLI form fractal dimension and sky share of a digital road landscape image is developed. It is also demonstrated that sections with high regional uniqueness are extracted and the positive effects of landscape preservation such as elimination of utility poles, electrical cables, billboards, are estimated through the application to the several scenic byway Hokkaido routes which are arterial national roads.

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According to Miwa’s paper (2012) of the traditional ways of irrigation system, weirs used to be constructed as their intake points being along the hill sides so that water supply for the paddy fields could be secured. It was conceivable that such relationships between the weirs and the riparian landforms were formed through pioneers’ routines concerning with rivers. This paper made it clear that these relationships still existed in 116 cases among 891 cases of weirs in Asahi river system. Therefore, it was possible for visitors of these weirs to see how the pioneers had concerned with the rivers before modern times even though there might be only modern facilities right in front of them. These weirs were even distributed over the main stream, the main first tributaries and tributaries they accompanied. The distribution was limited to the areas of riparian landforms of either side erosion or downward erosion of the mountain region. They rarely existed in the areas of alluvial plains and buried valleys. The factors that many other weirs were not in such relations with the adjacent landforms remained unclear. It was necessary to look for the origins and the transitions of those weirs.

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