In the present study, we proposed a dynamical model for analyzing the segment motion interaction of the throwing arm during an overhand baseball pitch. The model consisted of three segments (upper arm, forearm and hand) and 7 degrees of freedom (shoulder horizontal adduction-abduction, adduction-abduction, external-internal rotation, elbow extension-flexion, wrist ulnar-radial deviation, extension-flexion and pronation-supination). The throwing motion of a collegiate baseball pitcher was filmed using high-speed cameras, and 3D coordinates and Euler's angles were calculated using the DLT method. Joint torques in the throwing arm were calculated using the Newton-Euler equation. The calculated data from the model were used to test the model's performance, and the test indicated that the model numeration was accurate. In this model, the endpoint, wrist and elbow velocities in the throwing arm were decomposed into the joint torque-dependent, angular velocity-dependent, gravity-dependent, external force-dependent and trunk motion-dependent components. The results from the present study implied the following; (a) the joint torque-dependent component primarily contributed to production of the endpoint velocity at the instant of ball release, (b) the angular velocity-dependent and trunk motion-dependent components contributed to production of the wrist and endpoint velocities at the instant of ball release, and (c) sequential segmental rotations of throwing arm segments was influenced by angular-dependent interaction through the multi-joint limb system.

Since the findings from the present model could not be understood from knowledge of joint torque alone, the present model for analyzing the motion-dependent interaction of a multi-joint limb movement should be useful for more detailed study on coordination in skilled throwing movement.

The authors developed a computerized scorebook for tennis. The scorebook records time duration of shots, points and inter-points. It gives an immediate feedback to coaches and players and evaluates the performance of players. In this research, the time duration of service strokes was verified. A statistical analysis was done between the data recorded from the scorebook and the data recorded from high-speed video camera (HSV). The correlation coefficient was significant between the data from the scorebook and HSV (p< 0.01). The difference between the data from the scorebook and HSV was not significant. These results showed that the scorebook was able to record time duration accurately. It needs to consider where the scorer looks at and how the scorer manipulates the scorebook. It is suggested that the scorebook can provide useful information for tennis players and coaches.