Consensus on Resuscitation Science with Treatment　Recommendations 2015（CoSTR 2015） by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR), a GRADE system-based comprehensive review of the evidence on reanimatology, was published on 15 October, 2015. At the same time, Japan Resuscitation Council (JRC) published an online version of the JRC resuscitation guidelines 2015 which were based on the CoSTR 2015. The JRC guidelines 2015 continue to place a high value on uninterrupted chest compressions initiated immediately after cardiac arrest.　In the guidelines 2015, some recommendations on BLS, including recognition of cardiac arrest, rate and depth of chest compressions, acceptable duration of chest compression interruption, and conditions to start rescue breathing, have been modified. Some unresolved issues, including how to tell lay rescuers the best hand position for chest compressions, and the timing of check for a pulse, still remain to be addressed.

Objectives：To research the efficacy of polymyxin B direct hemoperfusion (PMX-DHP) on non-surgical patients with septic shock.Methods：This was a single center, retrospective study, from January 2012 to January 2016. We extracted data for non-surgical septic shock patients treated with PMX-DHP. The primary outcome was mortality on day 28, and secondary outcomes were reductions of the catecholamine index (CAI), lactate levels, and SOFA score.Results：Overall, in 24 patients, the APACHE II score and SOFA score were 26 (IQR 21-31.25) and 14.5 (IQR 11-17), respectively. The 28-day mortality was 54%. The CAI tended to decrease after PMX-DHP but did not show any significant differences. Patients with decreased CAI presented with a lower 28-day mortality. Any patient who received with PMX-DHP, which started on one day or later after the first administration of antibiotics for septic shock, did not survive. The 28-day mortality was high in patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction.Conclusions：In this retrospective study, PMX-DHP did not show any benefits of assured decreased mortality for non-surgical patients in septic shock. This might be an important finding when PMX-DHP is initiated in patients in septic shock.

Patients in whom tracheal intubation was difficult were divided into the early period group (from July 2004 to May 2008) and the late period group (from April 2012 to May 2015), and the number of patients and the time from anesthetic induction to tracheal intubation were compared between the two groups. The patients in whom tracheal intubation was difficult were defined as those in whom the time from anesthetic induction to tracheal intubation was 30 minutes or longer. Nine patients (2 children and 7 adults) of the 10,746 patients in the early period group and 2 adults of the 10,682 patients in the late period group satisfied the definition of difficult tracheal intubation. The decrease in the number of patients satisfying this definition in the late period group may be attributable to the availability of various new tracheal intubation devices. Although these new devices are very useful for tracheal intubation, it should be kept in mind that tracheal intubation is not always easy.