The important points to remember when conducting a posture and motion analysis are 1. it is important to listen carefully to the patient's complaints to determine which related to practicality, and 2. to determine the characteristics of the patient's motion based on a clear understanding of the motion of a healthy person.

In this section, I will describe the methods of postural observation and movement analysis from the back supine position to the getting-up movement, including some of the innovations I use in my clinical practice. In particular, I will discuss the perspectives of "checking the situation of the back" and "postural change by imitation" in the supine position and, through these perspectives, present an example of prediction of the subsequent getting-up movement and exercise therapy.

In physical therapy, patients with a higher amount of assistance will have more functional impairments to take into consideration. If the patient has a high degree of independence, a single-point therapy can be realized.In this presentation, through case studies of patients with hemiplegia and Parkinson's disease, we will explain the key points regarding sitting posture analysis and standing up movement analysis.

Gait is complicated motion consisting of many movements, it is difficult to capture all problems by motion observation and motion analysis. This article examined how to organize the problem in observation and motion analysis of gait. Regarding observation of gait, we proposed method to focusing on the trunk and pelvis, and an example of a healthy person was presented and explained. About the motion analysis of standing posture and gait, we proposed and explained how to analyze by a handling evaluation or movement tasks.

Physical therapists are supposed to engage in their work primarily for the purpose of restoring the patient's basic movement abilities. However, if they only approach basic movements, they cannot avoid the accusation that they are not thinking about life after home. It goes without saying that in analyzing applied movements, problems should be identified by extracting and subdividing the basic movements, which are the components necessary to execute the movements. We believe that the way in which the characteristics of the subdivided movements are captured will lead to the solution of the essential problems. In this study, we focused on the toenail clipping motion. We would like to analyze the movement from the viewpoint of alignment change and electromyographic examination, and to link our analysis to the understanding of movement analysis.

It is difficult to reproduce actual movements in a space with restrictions on environmental aspects, such as a rehabilitation room. Therefore, it is possible to understand functional decline in athletes by understanding the basic movements that constitute sports behavior and analyzing the subdivided movements (F task: Function task). The point of segmentation is to focus on the phases of switching movements considering mechanical energy; improving the F task will have a positive effect on sports movements in the field, which cannot be performed in the rehabilitation room. This paper presents examples of F tasks for running, throwing, jumping, turning, and thoracic extension movements.

It is important to capture the joint movement in motion analysis. This allows for clear selection of treatment site and more reproducible treatment. This article presents some ideas for analyzing joint movement. It is important to be clear about which landmarks to focus on when inspection the posture. It is also necessary to visually examine the patient not only from the anterior aspect but also from the left and right to confirm that the position of the landmarks is consistent with the characteristic positional relationship. If it is difficult by inspection alone, it is easier to do so by checking each posture and movement one by one using photographs or videos. It is important to select the joint movement while keeping in mind the characteristics of the positional relationship.

Physical therapist is ''motion experts'' who aim to improve the basic movements of daily life, such as turning over, getting up, standing up, and walking. In this paper, we will introduce four points and ideas for teaching posture and movement analysis to students and trainees. The first is the practicality of the physical therapy evaluation process and movements. The second is the joint motion that constitutes the phenomenon. The third is the relationship with the movement of adjacent joints. The fourth is the environmental settings when observing movements.

Exercise therapy for tactile disorders is yet to be established. It is believed that motor therapy for tactile dysfunction should be based on tasks that require cue identification. However, the difficulty level of the cues to be identified has not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of different tactile cues on somatosensory input and motor skills using somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). Participants were 20 healthy adults (mean age 26.1 ± 3 years). The exercise task consisted of 120 repetitions of palmar abduction of the thumb at a frequency of 1 Hz within a range of 20°.The practice conditions were the no-cue condition and 0.1 mm and 0.6 mm conditions with different cue heights. Motor skills were evaluated from the mean absolute error of 20° palmar abduction before and after practice and from the coefficient of variation of the palmar abduction movement. SEPs were recorded by stimulating the median nerve on the dominant hand before, during and after practice. The SEP amplitudes of N9, N13, and N20 were analyzed. The Friedman test and Bonferroni-corrected Wilcoxon's signed rank sum test were used for the statistical comparison of SEP amplitudes and motor skills in the three conditions. N9 and N13 amplitudes showed no differences in any of the three conditions. The N20 amplitude during the practice task showed no differences under any of the conditions. The mean absolute error from 20°-did not change before, during, or after practice in the no-cue condition. No change was observed in the motor skills before and after practice in any of the three conditions. Gating during exercise is said to select the necessary somatosensory information. In the present study, there was no change in N20 amplitude during practice in all conditions. We hypothesized that this was due to different gating mechanisms at work in each condition. The lack of change in motor skills was considered to be caused by the lack of practice frequency. The lack of improvement in motor skills due to the insufficient number of practice sessions could have caused the lack of change in SEP amplitude after practice.

In this study, the effects of different duration of pressure stimulation to the acupuncture points on spinal motor nerve function were clarified, and the effectiveness of Acupoint Stimulated Physical Therapy (ASPT) for short periods of time was examined. The mean age of the subjects was 21.2 ± 11 years, and the non-dominant upper limb was the subject of the study. An ASPT suppression technique to the LU5 was performed and F waves were measured from the Abductor pollicis brevis. ASPT was performed for 30 and 60 seconds, and F waves were measured six times: at rest, during ASPT, just after ASPT (post0) and 5 minutes intervals up to 15 minutes later (post5, post10, post15). As a result, in the 60-second pressure stimulus, there was a significant decrease after post10 compared to during ASPT. In addition, a comparison of the relative values of 30-second and 60-second pressure stimulation showed a significant increase in the 60-second trial compared to the 30-second trial during the ASPT, post10, and post15. These results indicate that 60 seconds of pressure stimulation increases the excitability of spinal motor nerve function during the ASPT and has an inhibitory effect just after the ASPT. The ASPT suppression technique, a 60-second pressure stimulus to the LU5, was found to be useful in reducing spinal motor nerve functional excitability.

Acupoint Stimulation Physical Therapy (ASPT) is a treatment method that applies the theory of meridian method in acupuncture and moxibustion medicine. In this study, we compared the excitability of spinal motor nerve function before and after pressure stimulation of two acupoints, LU5 and LU6, of the hand lunar lung meridian, which passes over the Thenar muscle, using F waves. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in spinal motor nerve function between proximal and distal acupoints on the same meridian when physiotherapy was applied to the acupoints. The results are available. The results are available at no statistical difference was found between post0, post5, post10, and post15 during ASPT. LU6, like the LU5, is located on the skin in the 6th cervical spinal cord region, and stimulation of either acupuncture point may follow a similar pathway to affect spinal cord motor nerve function in the Thenar muscle. These results suggest that when physiotherapy with acupoint stimulation corresponding to the abductor pollicis brevis is performed, there is no difference in the inhibitory effect on muscle tone between the proximal and distal acupoints if the acupoints are on the same meridian.

We experienced a case of cerebral infarction left hemiplegia, in which a tendency to fall backwards was observed when using a Japanese-style toilet at work. The anterior tilt of the lower leg due to the dorsiflexion of the left ankle joint in the squatting position was poor, and the posterior tilt of the lower leg was promoted by wiping the buttocks in an unstable posture backward, and a tendency to fall was observed. In this report, we report that the improvement of the range of motion of the left ankle dorsiflexion led to the improvement of abnormal movements of the posterior center of gravity and anterior aspect, and the continuous decrease in muscle activity of the tibialis anterior muscle on both sides led to an improvement in the practicality of Japanese-style toilet movements.

We experienced the case of a teenage, right-handed throwing youth baseball player diagnosed with lumbar spondylolysis. Even after complete recovery from lumbar spondylolysis, the patient had lumbar pain when pitching, making it difficult for him to pitch at full strength. In the right throwing motion, weight shift to the step leg from the late cocking phase to the acceleration phase is caused by left lateral pelvic shift and left rotation. However, the patient had difficulty in moving the pelvis to the left and braking left rotation due to weakness of the left hip abductor and external rotator muscles. Therefore, weight transfer to the step leg was compensated by forward leaning of the trunk. The results showed that excessive thoracolumbar transitional extension occurred from the late cocking phase to the acceleration phase, causing pain. Treatment resulted in strengthening of the left hip abductor and external rotator muscles, which led to left lateral pelvic shift and left rotation from the late cocking phase to the acceleration phase. As a result, compensation for thoracolumbar transitional extension was improved, low back pain during pitching motion disappeared, and the patient was able to pitch at full strength.

We report on the physical therapy of a patient with a massive tear of the rotator cuff whose right shoulder pain had decreased her endurance and ability to complete cooking activities. The patient had a massive rotator cuff tear of the supraspinatus and the superior half of the subscapularis (Collin classification type A). During cooking, the patient had difficulty repeating external rotation of the shoulder joint while holding 30° of shoulder abduction, resulting in excessive muscle activity in the middle deltoid and upper trapezius fibers and pain in the middle deltoid fibers. As a result of physical therapy focusing on the function of each fiber of the infraspinatus muscle, which is the intact rotator cuff muscle, the patient was able to perform external rotation movements with shoulder joint abduction held at 30°, which decreased her right shoulder pain and enabled her to complete cooking activities. In order to improve the stability of cooking activities in patients with massive rotator cuff tears, it is important to provide physical therapy that fully exploits the functions of the intact rotator cuff.

We worked with a male patient in his 20s diagnosed with concentric sclerosis. The patient was concerned about being seen due to involuntary flexion of the right elbow joint during walking movements, which reduced her opportunities to go outside. Based on movement observation and integration and interpretation, there is poor left lateral pelvic shift associated with left hip adduction during the left stance phase due to decreased muscle tone in the lower transverse fibers of the left internal oblique muscle. In contrast, right elbow flexion occurred secondary to compensation by the right latissimus dorsi muscle. Physical therapy improved muscle tone in the lower transverse fibers of the left internal oblique abdominal muscle. As a result, involuntary flexion of the right elbow joint during walking no longer occurs, allowing the patient to go out without being seen

The patient was a woman in her 80s with a diagnosis of cerebral contusion. She had difficulty with smooth the buttocks release and showed a decrease in stability when getting up from the bed. Detailed observation of the flexion phase to the buttocks release phase revealed that the thoracic spine remained flexed just before the buttocks release phase, and no ext ension occurred. There were few previous studies on the thoracic spine in standing-up motions, and it was difficult to clarify the functional impairment. Therefore, we conducted some detailed examinations of spinal motion during the flexion phase in normal subjects. The results showed that physiotherapy for the longissimus longus muscle resulted in thoracic extension just before the buttocks release, which enabled a smooth the buttocks release and improved the stability.

The patient is a woman in her 50s after a right total hip replacement. When the patient had to stand on the right one leg to remove his pants from the left leg, his stability was reduced by his inability to hold the right single leg standing position. The chief complaint was "difficulty in removing pants. Therefore, the treatment goal was to improve the stability of dressing activity of pants in the standing position. Specifically, when the patient was in the right single leg standing position to remove his pants from the left leg, the right knee was displaced inward along with right hip adduction and internal rotation, and there was poor lateral inclination of the right lower leg due to right foot rotation. As a result, right lateral translation of the pelvis was poor and the patient was unable to maintain a right single leg standing position. Considering that the main problem was a decrease in external rotation muscle strength of the right hip joint, physical therapy was performed. As a result, the right hip joint could be held in an intermediate position of internal/external rotation in the right single leg standing position, and the pelvis shifted to the right side due to the lateral tilt of the right lower leg associated with the right foot rotation, which improved the stability of the movement. Isometric contraction of the right hip external rotators in the right single leg standing position was necessary to improve the patient's decreased stability of the pants changing movement in the standing position.

The present case was a female rugby player after left lateral patellar dislocation surgery who needed to acquire a jump similar to a vertical jump. In the squatting phase of the jump, the left knee joint flexion angle was decreased due to muscle weakness in the left knee joint extensor muscles. This resulted in a jump with a right torso tilt and increased external rotation of the right knee joint on the healthy side at landing. In order for this case to return to competition, it is necessary to focus on improving movement, including prevention of knee joint trauma. Treatment focused on the muscle activity of the left medial and lateral vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles during jumping in this patient. Treatment improved the decrease in left knee joint flexion angle on the affected side and the enhancement of right knee joint external rotation observed during landing.