Among different types of rating scales in scoring speaking performance, the EBB (Empirically derived, Binary-choice, Boundary-definition) scale is claimed to be easy to use and highly reliable (Turner & Upshur, 1996; 2002). However, it has been questioned whether the EBB scale can be applied to other tasks. Thus, in this study, an EBB scale was compared with an analytic scale in terms of validity, reliability, and practicality. Fifty-two EFL learners were asked to read and retell four stories in a semi-direct Story Retelling Speaking Test (SRST). Their performances were scored using these two rating scales, and then the scores were compared by using generalizability theory, a multitrait-multimethod approach, and a questionnaire delivered to the raters. As a result, the EBB scale, which consists of four criteria, was found to be more generalizable (i.e., reliable) than those of the analytic scale and generally assessed the intended constructs. However, the present EBB scale turned out to be less practical than the analytic scale due to its binary format and because it had more levels in each criterion. Further revisions seeking a better scale for the SRST are suggested.

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Savignon and Wang (2003) researched learner attitudes and perceptions toward communicative language teaching (CLT) in senior high school and junior high school using a questionnaire in Taiwan. The results showed students prefer to learn by more communication-based teaching, but their actual perceptions in both senior high and junior high school were that they have been taught by form-based teaching even though the Taiwanese Ministry of Education has placed much more emphasis on the development of communicative competence in English. This article investigated Japanese learners' perceptions and practices of CLT in their previous English learning experiences and compared the results for Taiwanese students and for Japanese students. A total of 174 first-year university students from two Taipei universities and 200 Japanese freshman students were selected from two universities. The results indicated the same tendency between Japan and Taiwan regarding classroom practice and belief whereas the difference was found concerning attitude.

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The present paper reports on auditory and acoustic differences observed in learners' utterances before and after a series of pronunciation tests. A group of Japanese junior high school students (N=66) participated in a 24-session pronunciation course, in which the main activity was one-on-one performance coaching/testing. Audio recordings were made of a short sentence read aloud by a subgroup (n=34) of the participants both at the beginning of Session 1 and at the end of Session 24. The pre- and post-course recordings were compared in terms of (a) perceived degree of holistic foreign accentedness, (b) perceived phonological accuracy of segments, (c) the range and SD of vocal pitch (F0), and (d) acoustic characteristics of /r/ as reflected in F3. Holistic accentedness was judged by L1 English speakers, segments were rated by trained L1 Japanese teachers of English, and F0 and F3 analyses were conducted using Praat speech analysis software. The results indicated that in terms of every variable measured the post-course recordings were closer to the targeted, model than the pre-course recordings were. Through the one-year training, participants' utterances were segmentally more accurate, lower in the degree of foreign accent, came to use a wider pitch band, and F3 frequencies for /r/s became lower. Significance of these results is discussed and an argument is presented that the observed effects should be considered beneficial backwash of performance testing of pronunciation.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate what percentage of English words known receptively Japanese learners of English at senior high school can spell out correctly. Two kinds of tests were prepared: one is to measure receptive knowledge of vocabulary (R) and the other is to measure productive knowledge of vocabulary (P). The receptive test was designed to investigate whether an examinee knows the meaning of each word. The productive test was designed to investigate whether not only an examinee can produce each word but also can spell it out perfectly. All the target words were the same in the receptive test and in the productive test. The target words in the tests were decided, considering parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), lengths (number of alphabets), frequencies of each word. Fifty-six first-year senior high school students took the receptive test, first; and then, approximately ten days later, they also took the productive test. The results showed (1) according to the overall estimation through all the subjects, the productive knowledge 〓 vocabulary was 39.8% of receptive one, (2) the ratio of R[+]&P[+] : R[+]&P[-] : R[-]&P[+] was 0.375 : 0.608 : 0.016, and that (3) the ratios of R[+]&P[+] : R[+]&P[-] : R[-]&P[+] might be different according to the differences of subjects' English proficiency levels, parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), lengths (number of alphabets), and word-frequency levels of each word.

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この言語コミュニケーション力の三次元的理解は、これまでの言語コミュニケーション力論の議論の蓄積の上に、関連する諸概念を再構成したものである。もちろんただ用語を変えただけというものではなく、(a)読心力の働きの強調、(b)身体力の復活、(c)言語力における「知識」の二義性を明示した、ことが本論考の独自性の主なものである。だが、これらの論点は、これまでの言語コミュニケーション力論からは、まったく欠如していたと考えるのは行きすぎであろう。過去の言語コミュニケーション力論の諸概念と、本論文の概念をやや強引に関連づけたのがAppendix 1である。これらの改良により、本論文の「目的」で述べた、5つの課題は克服されただろうか。(1)の課題は、Bachmannの方略的能力概念よりも、言語の知識がコミュニケーションに使われる際の過程をより理論的に解明することであった。これについては、(a)の読心力の設定により、言語コミュニケーション以前に、コミュニケーションには「心の理論」に代表される他人の心を読むメカニズムが人間には働いており、ことに言語を高度に使ったコミュニケーションにおいては関連性の原理に従って言語使用がされていることを明らかにすることで課題を達成した。(2)の課題は、言語コミュニケーションにおける身体の働きを明示することであったが、これはBachman(1990)がかつて提唱していた「心身協調メカニズム」を「言語的身体力」で復活させただけでなく、「非言語的身体力」を設定することで、これまでの応用言語学が重んじていなかったが、日常生活では痛感されている領域があることを明らかにした。(3)の課題は、言語コミュニケーションの相互作用性を少しでも明らかにすることであったが、これは読心力概念を前面に出すことで、コミュニケーションの特定の相手を具体的に想定しない言語コミュニケーション力論は、コミュニケーションの理論としては不十分であることを示した。だが、これは、個人の中に他者を取り込んだ相互作用性に留まり、未だに個人主義的な発想であるともいえるかもしれない。Hymes(1972)が先駆的に述べていたコミュニケーションの「創発」(emergence)についてもまだ論考されていない。これは今後の課題となるだろう(後述)。(4)の課題は、言語の極にもコミュニケーションの極にも偏らない論考をすることだった。この課題は、読心力と言語力を独立させ直交的に表現し、その二次元平面で、ほとんど読心力だけでも成立するコミュニケーションから、高度に言語力に依拠することによって成立する言語コミュニケーションの変容範囲を理論的に示すことによって克服された。(5)の課題は言語コミュニケーション力の全体像の見通しを得る論考を目指すことであったが、これは全体像を三つの要因(三次元)という簡明な構造図式で説明し、なおかつ、それぞれの次元においてより詳しい説明が展開できる議論を展開したことによって達成されたと考えられる。このように本論文の言語コミュニケーション力の三次元的理解は、これまでの言語コミュニケーション力の展開に基づきながらも新しい独自の貢献を果たすと考える。

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The purpose of this study was to examine the facilitating factors of intrinsic English classroom motivation and students' classroom engagement. On the basis of Self-determination theory and the hierarchical model of motivation, this study examined the causal relationship between psychological needs and classroom engagement mediated by classroom motivation. Motivation is defined in terms of a Japanese EFL classroom context and intrinsic aspect, named intrinsic English classroom motivation, to differentiate trait motivation that most preceding studies on motivation have addressed. The participants were 69 high school students. Correlational and causal analyses revealed that the need for competence was (1) the strongest facilitating effect on intrinsic English Classroom motivation, and (2) the strongest indirect effect on classroom engagement. Moreover, the result showed that (3) the need for relatedness was an important facilitating factor of both intrinsic English Classroom motivation and classroom engagement. These results have implications for theories of motivation and also suggest one pathway by which teachers can facilitate students' classroom motivation and engagement in school.

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Assessment is an important part of teaching and learning. This study is a part of a research on washback of group oral tests for Japanese language in a classroom environment. The students' preparation before the test and their perceptions of the test were categorized and discussed in terms of their relation to learning. The test was held at the end of term examination in intermediate Japanese conversation classes at a University in Korea. Twenty-five students from two classes underwent the test. After the test, data were collected by questionnaire and group interview. The data were analyzed qualitatively by two researchers. The results showed that 1) although about one-third of the students did not prepare for the test, remaining students underwent preparations intended for improvement in conversation skills, 2) students had analyzed the test format, the theme, their present level in Japanese etc. by themselves. It was, thereby, shown that students were active participants in the assessment process. However, there were students who didn't prepare for the test and those who didn't realize there was any relation between the test and their learning of Japanese language, therefore, further consideration is needed to promote positive washback.

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With a growing interest in learner autonomy in the field of foreign language learning, there has been much discussion on the validity of self-assessment as an alternative to more objective measures in the evaluation of foreign language competence. Given that many of the past studies supported the usefulness of self-assessment, current research focus has been on factors that might enhance or mitigate its accuracy. This study investigated the influence of one such factor, experiential factor, on self-assessment scores, using the self-ratings provided by 357 company employees about their English abilities to perform 65 job-related tasks. More precisely, the research questions are (1) Does learners' experience with a task affect their self-assessments of the target task?, and (2) if so, how are task content and learners' language proficiency related to the experiential factor? Results revealed that in most tasks, the self-estimates given by the experienced were higher than those by the inexperienced and that the differences were statistically significant. This provides evidence that self-assessment is affected by the degree of learners' experience with the tasks self-rated. It was also found that when the tasks are complex or involve encoding/productive skills, experiential factors play more influential roles in learners' measurement of their ability to perform them. On the other hand, it was clearly shown that the higher the learners' language proficiency is, the less evident such effects are in their self-ratings. The findings suggest that the extent of learners' language experience should be considered in designing a self-assessment questionnaire and interpreting its results.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of English processing and storage in working memory between English native speakers and Japanese EFL learners. Five kinds of tests, that is, two types of digit span tests of forward recall(DST1) and backward recall (DST2), a computation span test(CST), a reading span test(RST) and a listening span test (LST) were administered to 22 English native speakers and 29 Japanese university students. The results showed two remarkable points of comparison between the two groups, as follows: (1) The span scores of RST and LST among the English native speakers were much higher than those of the Japanese EFL learners at the significant level of p .001, though those of DST1, DST2 and CST were not. (2) The correlation between the reading time of RST and its recall was significantly positive only in the Japanese. Overall, the present study indicated differences between the English native speakers and the Japanese EFL learners in utilizing the working memory at higher levels of English sentence processing.

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The present study attempted to discover plausible differences in examinees' linguistic performance on monologic tasks between computer-delivered and face-to-face modes. The study also examined the relationship between test mode and examinees' oral proficiency. Seventy-nine Japanese EFL students responded to two monologic tasks delivered by the two modes. The examinees' speech samples were compared on measures of fluency, accuracy, and complexity. Results indicated that significant but varied effects were produced by the two test modes only in terms of fluency: examinees used more repetition words in the face-to-face mode but more filled pauses in the computer mode. Further, the effects of test mode on speech samples were not found to relate to examinees' proficiency. Implications for the field of language assessment and second language acquisition research were discussed, and directions for future studies proposed.

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